Man is a biosocial being As a biological being: Is a natural being that is endowed with physical strength, brain, sense organs, physical needs, etc. As a social being: Is an integral part of society, an element of a certain social group, the subject of social, political, economic, moral and other relations.
Basics physical culture The socio-biological foundations of physical culture are the principles of interaction of social and biological laws in the process of a person mastering the values of physical culture. The natural scientific foundations of physical culture are a complex of medical and biological sciences (anatomy, physiology, biology, biochemistry, hygiene, etc.).
Anatomy and physiology are the most important biological sciences about the structure and functions of the human body. Man obeys biological laws inherent in all living beings.
Human body The body is a coherent, unified self-regulating and self-developing biological system, the functional activity of which is determined by the interaction of mental, motor and autonomic reactions to influences environment, which can be both beneficial and detrimental to health.
A distinctive feature of a person is a conscious and active influence on external natural and social conditions that determine the state of people’s health, their performance, life expectancy and fertility (reproduction).
The development of the body occurs during all periods of its life - from the moment of conception to death. This development is called individual, or development in ontogenesis. In this case, two periods are distinguished: intrauterine (from the moment of conception to birth); extrauterine (after birth).
Every born person inherits from his parents congenital, genetically determined traits and characteristics that largely determine individual development in the course of his later life.
Finding himself after birth, figuratively speaking, in autonomous conditions, the child grows rapidly, the mass, length and surface area of his body increases. Human growth continues until approximately 20 years of age. Moreover, in girls, the greatest growth rate is observed in the period from 10 to 13, and in boys from 12 to 16 years. An increase in body weight occurs almost in parallel with an increase in its length and stabilizes by 20–25 years
Adolescence (16 - 21 years) is associated with periods of maturation, when all organs, their systems and apparatuses reach their morphofunctional maturity. Mature age (22 - 60 years) is characterized by minor changes in body structure, and the functionality of this fairly long period of life is largely determined by the characteristics of lifestyle, nutrition, and physical activity. Old age (61 - 74 years) and senile age (75 years and more) are characterized by physiological processes of restructuring: a decrease in the active capabilities of the body and its systems - immune, nervous, circulatory, etc.
The vital activity of the body is based on the process of automatically maintaining vital factors at the required level, any deviation from which leads to the immediate mobilization of mechanisms that restore this level (homeostasis). Homeostasis is a set of reactions that ensure the maintenance or restoration of the relatively dynamic constancy of the internal environment and certain physiological functions of the human body (blood circulation, metabolism, thermoregulation, etc.).
Constancy of physical chemical composition The internal environment of the body is maintained due to the self-regulation of metabolism, blood circulation, digestion, respiration and other physiological processes.
An organism is a complex biological system. It consists of separate organs. There are groups of organs that jointly perform common functions. In their functional activities, organ systems are interconnected. MUSTOCULAR SYSTEM. Consists of bones, ligaments, muscles and muscle tendons. The main functions are support and movement of the body and its parts in space.
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM. Consists of the systemic and pulmonary circulation. The activity of the heart consists of rhythmically changing cardiac cycles. The pulse rate corresponds to the heart rate.
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM. Makes up the nasal cavity, larynx, bronchi and lungs. The main function is to saturate the body with oxygen to ensure the functional activity of all internal systems.
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. Consists of the oral cavity, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, liver and pancreas. The mechanism and chemistry of food processing and energy production for the functioning of the whole organism occurs.
NERVOUS SYSTEM. Consists of central and peripheral sections nervous system. The central nervous system regulates the activity of the body's functional systems. The autonomic nervous system regulates the activity internal organs and is under the control of the central nervous system.
RECEPTORS and ANALYZERS Help the body quickly adapt to environmental changes. INTERNAL SECRETION GLANDS (endocrine glands). These include the thyroid, parathyroid, goiter, adrenal glands, pancreas, pituitary gland, gonads, etc. All of them are involved in the production of hormones and neurohumoral regulation of body functions.
In persons who do not engage in sports, starting from 30-35 years old, the following decreases every year: -pulmonary ventilation; - the volume of circulating blood decreases; -increased fatigue during mental work. , is accompanied by an increase in psycho-emotional intensity of work activity; -increase in the number of diseases of both infectious and non-infectious nature. An objective and highly informative indicator of endurance is the value of MOC (maximum oxygen consumption) of a person in 1 minute. The greater the MIC, the higher the physical performance of a person, the higher the level of his physical health.
Regular physical exercise allows you to delay the “aging” of motor functions by approximately 10-20 years. Causes at least two positive effects: -increase in maximum values of physiological indicators -increases the efficiency (profitability) of the activity of the whole organism and systems when performing dosed muscular work.
The human body is a living system, therefore they have inherent levels of organization of living matter: 1. Molecular. Biomolecules include nucleic acids, proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, ATP (adenosine triphosphoric acid). From this level, various vital processes of the body begin. Metabolism, energy conversion, transmission hereditary information. 2. Cellular. A cell is a structural and functional unit, as well as a unit of development of all living organisms. 3. Fabric. Tissue is a group of cells of the same type that perform one function. There are 4 types of tissue: muscle, connective, nervous, epithelial. 4. Organ. An organ is a group of tissues that perform one function. 5. Systemic. A system is a group of organs united into one, performing one function. 6. Organic. The elementary unit of this level is the individual, which is considered in development from the moment of origin to the end of existence (ontogenesis). 7. Population-specific.
There are two main types labor activity human – physical and mental labor and their intermediate combinations. Physical labor is a type of human activity, the characteristics of which are determined by a complex of factors. Distinguishing one type of activity from another, associated with the presence of any climatic, industrial, physical, informational and similar factors.
Mental work is the activity of a person to transform the conceptual model of reality formed in his mind by creating new concepts, judgments, conclusions, and on their basis - hypotheses and theories. The result of mental work is scientific and spiritual values
An equally important aspect of personality is the emotional-volitional sphere, temperament and character. The ability to regulate personality formation is achieved through training, exercise and education.
Biological rhythms and performance Biological rhythms are regular, periodic repetition in time of the nature and intensity of life processes, individual states or events. Physiological Environmental
The rhythms of life are determined by physiological processes in the body, natural and social factors: the change of seasons, days, condition solar activity and cosmic radiation, changes in sleep and wakefulness, work processes and rest, motor activity and passive rest. Hypokinesia and physical inactivity. Hypokinesia (Greek hypo - decrease, reduction, insufficiency; kinesis - movement) is a special state of the body caused by a lack of motor activity.
In some cases, this condition leads to physical inactivity. Hypodynamia (Greek hypo - decrease; dynamic - strength) is a set of negative morphofunctional changes in the body due to prolonged hypokinesia. These are atrophic changes in muscles, general physical detraining, detraining of the cardiovascular system, changes in water-salt balance, blood system, demineralization of bones.
Thus, the body of a person who systematically engages in active motor activity is able to perform work that is more significant in volume and intensity than the body of a person who is not engaged in it.
List of used literature 1. Human anatomy. Textbook for physical education institutes. Ed. V. I. Kozlova. – M. Fi. S, 1978 – 432 p. 2. Anishchenko V. S. Physical culture. Methodological and practical classes for students: Proc. Benefit. – M.: Publishing house RUDN, 1999. – 178 p. 3. Balsevich V. A., Zaprozhanov V. A. Human physical activity. – Kyiv: Health, 1987. – 214 p. 4. Evseev Yu. I. Physical culture. Rostov-n/Don: Phoenix, 2003. – 384 p. 5. Koksharov A. A. Physical education University students with health problems: educational and methodological manual / A. A. Koksharov. – Barnaul: Azbuka LLC, 2007. – 120 p. 6. Koksharov A. A. Organization healthy image life of university students through physical education: training manual/ A. A. Koksharov. – Barnaul: Azbuka LLC, 2007. – 90 p. 7. Kulikov V.P. Kiselev V.I. Need for motor activity / V.P. Kulikov, V.I. Kiselev. – Novosibirsk, 1998. – 150 p. 8. http: // www. bestreferat. ru/referat-379738. html 9. http: // www. cool 4 student. ru/node/3278 10. http: // pda. spora. net/index. cgi? act=view&id=
Topic: The body is an integral self-regulating system. Objective of the lesson:
Objectives: based on updating knowledge from previously studied sections of biology, systematize knowledge about the diversity of organisms and their role in nature; develop the ability to summarize and systematize information; instill environmental awareness; belief in the need to possess biological knowledge to preserve the integrity of natural systems.
View document contents
“Presentation for a biology lesson “The organism is an integral self-regulating system””
Biology lesson notes, grade 9 Teacher – Maiko E.A.
Date: 09/13/2017 Subject: Objective of the lesson: formation of concepts about the organism as a biological system
Tasks: based on updating knowledge from previously studied sections of biology, systematize knowledge about the diversity of organisms and their role in nature; develop the ability to summarize and systematize information; instill environmental awareness; belief in the need to possess biological knowledge to preserve the integrity of natural systems.
Equipment: ICT Concepts: principle of self-regulation, homeostasis.
Lesson structure: 1. Organization 2. Goal setting 3. Updating of background knowledge 4. Study new topic 5. Final consolidation 6. Homework 7. Commenting on ratings
09/13/2017
Subject: The body is an integral self-regulating system.
Objective of the lesson: formation of concepts about the organism as a biological system
The structure of organisms is based on cell- an elementary living system.
In highly organized plants and animals, the structure of the cells that make up the tissues corresponds to the performance of certain functions. Cells act in concert and cannot exist outside the body.
In lower multicellular organisms, cells are less specialized.
The biological purpose of any organism is to leave offspring.
During sexual reproduction, the properties of the organism are manifested - heredity and variability. All multicellular organisms go through the path of individual development.
The substances and energy necessary for life enter the body from the external environment. Therefore, it is important for him to receive information about external environment to respond to changing conditions.
Information enters the body in the form of signals (smell, touch, light, sound, temperature change). Signals are perceived by receptors. Receptors convert them into nerve impulses, which reach the central nervous system along sensory neurons. There they are processed and a response is formed. Through motor neurons, impulses from the central nervous system are sent to the executive organ, the activity of which changes (muscles contract, hormones are produced).
The behavior of the body is aimed at obtaining the desired result - satisfying needs. Biological needs(nutritional, protective-defensive, motor, sexual) in animals and humans are provided due to unconditioned reflexes .
Man also has not only biological, but also social needs, formed under the influence social environment in the process of training and education. They are based on acquired forms of behavior - various conditioned reflexes .
Homework: P. 3 – teach, resp. on?
To use presentation previews, create a Google account and log in to it: https://accounts.google.com
Slide captions:
Organism 7th grade
Highlight general signs for all living organisms, distinguishing them from nonliving ones. The main signs of living things Metabolism Nutrition Respiration Excretion Irritability Reproduction Growth and development Cellular structure
Levels of organization of living things Living nature on our planet is complexly organized. It is a single whole consisting of interconnected parts - cells, organisms, species, natural communities and ecosystems. A cell is the smallest unit of living things.
All living organisms are made up of cells. A cell can be a separate organism or part of a multicellular plant or animal organism. The cell is a structural and functional unit, as well as a unit of reproduction and development of all living organisms living on Earth. A cell is the smallest unit of living things.
The cells that make up a multicellular organism are specialized and are not able to exist independently. They form tissues. Tissue is a collection of cells and intercellular substance that are similar in origin, structure and functions. Plant tissues Animal tissues Integumentary Mechanical Conductive Basic (phtosynthesizing, storage) Educational Epithelial Muscular Connective (blood, adipose, bone, etc.) Nervous
Tissues form organs that perform a specific function in the body. Organs can be combined into organ systems. An organ is a part of a multicellular organism that has a certain structure and performs certain functions.
The coordinated interaction of cells, tissues and organs forms a complete organism, which has certain properties. The body is an integral, self-regulating system capable of independent existence.
An organism is a being that has all the properties of a living thing: Metabolism and energy transformation (nutrition, respiration, excretion) Irritability Movement Reproduction Growth and development Features of the chemical composition (98% - oxygen, carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen) Cellular structure
A collection of individuals that have a similar structure, lifestyle, are capable of interbreeding with the appearance of fertile offspring and inhabit a certain territory form a species. Each species has its own range - the territory within which its individuals are distributed.
Representatives of any species occupy a certain territory, often divided by geographic, climatic and other obstacles into separate groups - populations. A population is a collection of individuals of the same species that occupies a certain space for more or less a long time.
A community of plants, animals, fungi and microorganisms sharing a common habitat, i.e. living together and closely interacting with each other forms a biocenosis. Examples of biocenoses Pine forest Birch forest Swamp Feather grass steppe
The totality of all biocenoses currently living on Earth forms the biosphere. Biosphere - the shell of the Earth populated by living organisms
What conditions are necessary for the existence of an organism? Metabolism Energy conversion
The influence of organisms on their environment is called environment-forming activity.
The influence of plants on climate and water regime Forest giant (Peru) Photosynthesis is the main source of oxygen in the Earth’s atmosphere. Plants create conditions for the breathing of all living beings. The absorption and evaporation of water by land plants affects climate. By humidifying the air and delaying the movement of wind, plants create a special microclimate that softens the living conditions of many species.
If we imagine that photosynthesis on the planet will stop, all the oxygen in the atmosphere will be used up in just 2000 years. Tropical forest - the “green lungs” of the planet Velvichia
Soil-forming activity of living organisms The joint activity of many organisms creates soil. Each lump of soil contains millions of cells of various microorganisms.
The influence of aquatic organisms on the quality of natural waters. Filtration feeding is observed in 40 thousand species of aquatic animals. As a result of this activity, biological self-purification of water bodies occurs.
The biosphere is the shell of the Earth populated by living organisms. The biosphere includes three shells: Atmosphere Hydrosphere Lithosphere
Draw a conclusion on the lesson problem Biologists are considering wildlife as a set of biological systems different levels organizations. Moreover, some biological systems are elements of others that belong to a higher structural level of organization of living matter. They study the diversity of living organisms at various levels of organization and various systematic units. How do biologists study the diversity of living organisms?
Homework: § 1, No. 5, 6, p. 2 ( workbook) terms: cell, tissue, organ. organism, species, population, biocenosis, biosphere, living matter of the biosphere, bioinert matter of the biosphere.
Lesson planning. Biology – 9th grade
Subject: “The body is an integral self-regulating system”
Lesson #3
Lesson topic “The body is an integral self-regulating system”
Basic tutorial
Sukhorukova L.N. Biology. Living systems and ecosystems. 9th grade, textbook for general education. institutions with an application on electronic media / L.N. Sukhorukova, V.S. Kuchmenko; Ross. acad. Sciences, Ross. acad. education, published in “Prosveshcheniye”. – 2nd ed. – M.: Education, 2011
Objective of the lesson: formation of concepts about the organism as a biological system
Tasks: based on updating knowledge from previously studied sections of biology, systematize knowledge about the diversity of organisms and their role in nature; develop the ability to summarize and systematize information; instill environmental awareness; belief in the need to possess biological knowledge to preserve the integrity of natural systems.
Planned results: the student must: name the main groups organic world; characterize representatives of prokaryotes and eukaryotes (plants, fungi, animals), their role in nature; compare autotrophic and heterotrophic modes of nutrition.
Lesson type: lesson on learning new material with step-by-step reinforcement.
Forms of student work: working with a textbook, an electronic supplement to the textbook.
Necessary technical equipment: computer, electronic textbook.
Lesson progress
Organizational stage - 2 – 3 minutes.
The teacher introduces the work plan, checks that the student has a textbook and an electronic supplement to the textbook.
Learning new material.
The relationship of cells, tissues and organs in the body.
The topic of our lesson is “The body is an integral self-regulating system.” First, let's remember:
What is the structure of an animal cell? Open the interactive table - page 14 “Structure of an animal cell.” Tell us about the functions of cell organelles.
Remember the levels of organization of a living organism; when answering, use Figure 1.1 (The student must build a chain: cell – tissue – organ – organ system – organism)
One of the signs of a living organism is - cellular structure. What is a cell? Give a definition.(If you have any difficulties, you can open the dictionary of the electronic textbook)
Can one cell be whole organism? Give examples of single-celled organisms.
(When answering, use the interactive table “Single-celled and multicellular organisms”)
Define the concept “fabric”.
What do tissues form?
Open the presentation “Human Tissues” and repeat the structural features of tissues.
What is an organ system? Give examples
1. Levels of organization of life on Earth
(according to Severtsov)
Biocenosis
Human society
4
3
Population
View
Multicellular organism
2
Cell
cellular molecular
organismic
population-species
biocenotic
biosphere
1
Molecule
Molecule
Cell
Textile
Organ
Organ system
Organism
Organ – a part of the body that has a certain shape, structure, location and performs one or more functions.
Organ system - these are organs that are anatomically united and have general plan buildings, common origin and performing common functions.
SOOD (skeleton, muscles)
Lymphatic system (lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels)
Circulatory system (heart, blood vessels)
Reproductive system (genital organs, gonads)
Nervous system (sensory organs, nerves, brain and spinal cord)
Endocrine system (endocrine glands)
Digestive system (intestines, digestive glands)
Respiratory system(lungs, airways)
Excretory system (kidneys, urinary tract0
Integumentary (skin, mucous membranes.
The biological meaning of life on planet Earth is the reproduction of domestic animals, i.e. reproduction.
There are two types of reproduction - sexual and asexual. We already know that the main advantage of sexual reproduction is the genetic diversity of offspring, which have a better chance of adapting to environmental changes.
What influence does the environment have or can have on the body?
Relationship between the body and the external environment
Which organs are used to perceive signals from the external environment?
The flow of information is carried out through direct and feedback: in executive neurons, nerve impulses arise that enter the central nervous system and signal its state. In response to them, the organs receive impulses that strengthen or weaken the response. The presence of a signal form of information, its transmission according to the feedback principle - characteristic feature organism as a living system.
Open the slide show “Direct and Feedback”.
Answer the questions:
Who in this case is the manager and who is the executive?
What happens in organisms when danger arises?
Physical education minute. It's time to take a short break and do some exercise for the eyes. Open the electronic physical education program and complete the tasks.
The body is a self-regulating system.
Read the text of the textbook “The Organism is a Self-Regulating System.”
What is homeostasis?
Consolidation of the studied material.
What is the principle of self-regulation of the body?
What determines the behavior of an organism?
Test your knowledge with the test on page 15
Homework
Study the material in §3, answer questions on page 15, using the interactive table “Needs are the basis of behavior” and write a story about the life of one of the animals.
1. Basic concepts 2. The human body as a single self-developing and self-regulating biological system 3.1. Musculoskeletal system 3.2. Cardiovascular system(circulatory system) 3.3. Breath. Respiratory system 3.4. Nervous system 4. Metabolism and energy – the basis of the human body’s vital functions
The human body is a single, complex, self-regulating and self-developing system, in constant interaction with the environment, with the ability to self-learn, perceive, transmit and store information. The functional system of the body is a group of organs that ensures the coordinated flow of vital processes in them. The following systems of the human body are distinguished: cardiovascular, respiratory, musculoskeletal, digestive, endocrine, excretory, etc.
Homeostasis is the relative dynamic constancy of the internal environment of the body (body temperature 36–37 ° C; acid-base balance of blood pH = 7.4–7.35; osmotic pressure of blood 7.6–7.8 atm.; hemoglobin concentration in the blood 130 –160 g/l, etc. Resistance is the body’s ability to work in conditions of unfavorable changes in the internal environment. Adaptation is the body’s ability to adapt to changing environmental conditions.
Reflex is the body’s response to stimulation, both internal and external, carried out through the central nervous system. Reflexes are divided into conditioned and unconditioned. Hypoxia is oxygen starvation, which occurs when there is a lack of oxygen in the inhaled air or in the blood. Maximum oxygen consumption (MOC) is the greatest amount of oxygen that the body can consume per minute during extremely intense muscular work.
A cell is an elementary living system that ensures the structural and functional unity of tissues, reproduction, growth and transmission of hereditary properties of the organism. Tissue is a system of cells and non-cellular structures united by a common physiological function, structure and origin.
The spinal column consists of vertebrae and has five sections: cervical (7), thoracic (12), lumbar (5), sacral (5), coccygeal (4-5)
Erythrocytes are red blood cells, they are carriers of the red pigment - hemoglobin. Leukocytes are white blood cells. The main function is to protect the body from pathogens. Platelets are blood platelets whose main function is to ensure blood clotting.
The main functions of blood: Transport - delivers nutrients and oxygen to cells, removes breakdown products from the body during metabolism. Protective – protects the body from harmful substances and infections, due to the presence of a clotting mechanism (stopping bleeding). Heat exchange – participates in maintaining a constant body temperature.
Respiration is a complex of physiological processes that ensure the consumption of oxygen and the release of carbon dioxide by a living organism. The breathing process is usually divided into: external (pulmonary) internal (tissue) External breathing is carried out using a breathing apparatus consisting of airways.
Tidal volume is the volume of air passing through the lungs in one respiratory cycle (inhalation, exhalation). Vital capacity (VC) is the maximum volume of air that a person can exhale after a maximum inhalation. Respiratory rate is the number of respiratory cycles per minute. One cycle consists of inhalation, exhalation and a breathing pause.
Pulmonary ventilation is the volume of air that passes through the lungs per minute. Oxygen consumption is the amount of oxygen used by the body at rest or during exercise per minute. Maximum oxygen consumption (VO2) is the maximum amount of oxygen that the body can consume per minute during maximum muscular work.
The formation of a motor skill occurs in three phases: Generalization phase – expansion and intensification of the excitatory process, as a result of which additional muscle groups are included in the work. The concentration phase is a differentiated inhibition of excessive excitation and its concentration in the necessary areas of the brain. Automation phase - performing a movement automatically, without the participation of attention and thinking.
Metabolism is two interconnected opposite processes occurring simultaneously, resulting in the assimilation of substances coming from the environment and their biological transformation into potential energy (assimilation), and the second process associated with the constant breakdown of substances and the removal of decay products from the body (dissimilation ).
