English how to write a sentence simulator. Word order in an English sentence, construction scheme

Dima behaved well yesterday.

Yesterday Dima behaved well.

Dima behaved well yesterday.

No matter how we say these sentences and in what order we put the words in them, their meaning will not change. With this example we want to show the difference between the construction of Russian and English sentences. After all, it is in the latter that such variations are impossible. All due to the fact that English there are no endings, and in order not to lose the meaning that the speaker wants to convey, English philologists established rules for composing sentences in English. They are quite clear and require strict adherence.

Let's consider the features of constructing affirmative sentences.

We have two spelling options. The first option looks like this:

subject-predicate-object-adverbial

She doesn’t bake herself as a rule. Her boyfriend does it for her.

(She doesn't do the baking herself. Her boyfriend does)

He likes this book very much.

(He really likes this book.)

They will bring this book tomorrow.

(They will bring this book tomorrow)

The second option is written like this:

adverbial-subject-predicate-object

As a rule she doesn’t bake herself. Her boyfriend does it for her.

(She usually doesn't do the baking herself. Her boyfriend does.)

Yesterday Kevin met his classmates at the airport.

(Yesterday Kevin met his classmates at the airport.)

If we talk about interrogative sentences, then it is worth noting that they also have characteristic writing features.

In our article we will learn how general and special questions are composed.

More about interrogative sentences:
Interrogative sentences in English

We construct a general question according to this scheme:

verb-subject- addition-adverbial

Will she be at the restaurant after 2?

(Will she be at the restaurant after two?)

Did you bring that book to the library?

(Did you bring that book to the library?)

As a rule, we put “question-word” as the first word in interrogative sentences ( who, whom, where, why, what, which, when, whose, how, how much).

In second place we put the auxiliary verb ( am, is, are, does, did, do, will, shall, would, have, has, can, could, must, may, might, ought, need, should.) It is followed by the subject, semantic verb, and other words.

How do you feel today?

(How are you feeling today?)

How much sugar does she take in her coffee?

(How much sugar does she add to her coffee?)

Here we have given the basic schemes for constructing sentences in English. But, there are some exceptions to the rules and deviations from the given schemes. We invite you to learn about all these features at our school and receive detailed information on this topic.

More significant success in constructing sentences in English will bring you the desire to think in English, and not just translate sentences from Russian. Watching films or your favorite English TV series without translation and with subtitles will also be useful. Firstly, it will bring not only the opportunity to learn, but also spend time with pleasure. Secondly, visual memory will consolidate the text accompaniment of the film, and you can always rewind the film and read unfamiliar phrases or words. The usefulness of American TV series also lies in the fact that they use a significant amount of slang sentences, exclamations and modern sayings, which, of course, you will need for everyday speech.

Our dear students, the entire Native English School team congratulates you on the upcoming Easter, wishes you sincerity from those around you, bright smiles, success in your work, peace in your family and in your heart! See you! =)

Hi all! Grammar and syntax are the basis of both written and spoken human speech. So even if you don't want to go into English grammar, and your goal is only to learn spoken American for comfortable communication, then you should know that you cannot do without basic knowledge of English syntax and grammar. And at the end of the first part of the audio course “That’s What They Say in America,” you received an extended grammatical addition to the entire course. Sentence formation patterns in English

In the second part of lesson 52 we will look at the rules for constructing sentences in English. As practice shows, this topic requires quite a long time to study, so I moved it beyond the scope of the main article. A new material best learned through examples. During the course of studying the entire course, you came across quite a number of examples of constructing English sentences of various types, but today we will repeat them again.

First, let's list what types of sentences exist in English:

Interrogative: Has she got a dog?
Affirmative (narrative): Salt is white
Negative: He is not a doctor

However, each of these types is built according to a specific scheme and sometimes in several ways. Therefore, in this article we will look at the most popular schemes for constructing sentences in the English language with examples from the live speech of native speakers.

Schemes for constructing English sentences

First, let's look at interrogative sentences:

1. Question word + be verb + noun (or pronoun) - Question word + verb be + noun (pronoun):

Who + are + you?
What + was + that?
Where + is + Eileen?
How + were + they?
When + was + it?

2. Question verb + noun (or pronoun) + verb + noun (or adverb) - Auxiliary verb + noun (pronoun) + verb + noun (adverb)

Does + Mr. Learner + drive + a car?
Do + they + live + here?
Did + the teachers + study + the animals?

3. Diagram 6: General question + or + alternative. A separating question contains an affirmation or negation + a short question

Is he a teacher or a doctor?

4. Modal verb+ subject + semantic verb. Special questions should begin with a question word

Must we study English?

Now let's look at the most popular narrative sentence schemes:

1. Verb + noun - Verb + noun

Open + the door

2. Verb + adverb - Verb + adverb

Turn + right

3. Noun (or pronoun) + be verb + noun (or pronoun) - Noun (pronoun) + verb be + noun (pronoun)

Martin Learner + is + a reporter
He + is + a father

4. Noun (or pronoun) + be verb + adjective - Noun (pronoun) + verb be + adjective

The children + are + intelligent
They + are + busy

5. Noun (or pronoun) + be verb + adverb - Noun (pronoun) + verb be + adverb

It + is + there

6. Noun (or pronoun) + verb - Noun (pronoun) + verb

Parents + listen
They + learn

7. Noun (or pronoun) + verb + noun (or pronoun) - Noun (pronoun) + verb + noun (pronoun)

The woman + drives + a car
We + read + a book

8. Noun (or pronoun) + verb + adverb - Noun (pronoun) + verb + adverb

You + live + here

9. Noun (or pronoun) + be verb + verb + noun (or pronoun, or adverb) - 4. Noun (pronoun) + verb be + verb + noun (pronoun, adverb)

The boy + is + buying + a shirt
People + were + visiting + them
You + are + going + downstairs

Well, now briefly about negative sentences:

Scheme 1. Subject + auxiliary verb + not + predicate + object + adverbial

She is not a saleswoman.

Carefully study each diagram and examples, and then complete Homework(Homework):

1. Identify the type and pattern of each of the sentences below:

Did you learn a lot of words at school today?
Tomorrow my friend will bring me a new book
There are some desks in the classroom

That's all! I wish you a great time, relax and soon take on the second part of the course "

In English, as in Russian, there are five categories of sentences, the rules of construction of which must be accurately known in order to successfully communicate in the language.

Simple sentence - complex sentence
Declarative sentence - interrogative sentence - exclamatory sentence

Simple sentence in English

Simple sentences are those sentences in which there is only one actor (subject) and one action (predicate). With simple sentences, things are not so simple. You need to know the fixed word order - unfortunately, in English it is strict and it is highly undesirable to deviate from it.

Applies to English offer a basic rule consisting of two points:

1. The subject comes first, the predicate comes second, and then comes everything else.

Schematically this can be depicted like this:

Table 1. Word order in an English sentence


SUBJECT	PREDICATE	REST OF THE PROPOSAL

		to work every day.

The following note should be made about this table: You can put a definition BEFORE the subject. And second: this scheme is used for affirmative English sentences, i.e. those with a period at the end.

2. An English sentence ALWAYS has a predicate, i.e. verb!

Even if you don’t hear this verb in the Russian translation of this sentence. For example: There are many wolves in the forest. (there is not a single verb here, although this sentence can be remade for a convenient translation: “There are many wolves in the forest.” This version already has a verb - there are). - There are many wolves in the forest.

Complex sentence

We call a complex sentence a sentence made up of several simple sentences. As a rule, there are no difficulties with complex sentences, unless it is a complex sentence (that is, a sentence with a subordinate clause).

If you have already graduated from school a long time ago, then the term “ subordinate clauses"most likely won't tell you anything. Therefore, let’s refresh your memory: there are simple sentences (in which there is one predicate/verb), and there are complex sentences (they consist of several simple ones). In turn, complex sentences are divided into compound sentences (in them you can put the conjunction “and” between several simple sentences) and complex sentences (in them from one simple sentence to another you can ask the question “which? why? where? when? under what condition?” how?, etc.”) And subordinate clauses are precisely those simple ones to which we give a question. They are also called dependent in another way. The structure of a complex sentence looks like this:

As can be seen from the diagram, various conjunctions serve as a link between the main and dependent clause: where, when, which, whose, because, if, etc.

This all seems so distant and incomprehensible, but in fact we use complex sentences much more often than we ourselves notice. So, the following are often used as unions:

Who used in relation to persons (=who):

I'll call George, who is good at computers.

Which refers to inanimate objects, animals, and also to the main clause in general (=which):

Don’t buy the lipstick which we saw yesterday.

She has already finished the report which will allow her a pay rise.

That refers to both animate and inanimate objects (=which):

The man that we met yesterday is my ex.

The car that Tim bought used to be mine.

Table 2. English words connectors of complex sentences

It is important to use correct punctuation (punctuation) in complex sentences.

Structure complex sentences, as a rule, corresponds to two possible schemes.

Main clause + conjunction + Subordinate clause

Subordinate clause + , + Main clause

Alan couldn’t come to the meeting as he was ill.

Things get more complicated if the subordinate clause begins with who, which, or where. Sometimes a comma is needed, sometimes not - it depends on how IMPORTANT this subordinate clause is for the meaning, whether emphasis is placed on it.

Main clause + conjunction + Significant subordinate clause

The driver didn’t remember the place where he had left the car.

The subordinate clause EXPLAINS the word place. Without this subordinate clause, the sentence will lose meaning, so it is meaningful. This means that there is no need for a comma in front of it - it cannot be separated in any way from the main sentence.

Main clause + , + Minor subordinate clause

The driver didn’t remember the parking lot in his neighborhood, where only expensive cars are parked.

The main sentence already contains specification - in his neighborhood. Therefore, the subordinate clause is DESCRIPTIVE, it does not provide important information. This means that it can be separated from the main clause by a comma.

Also, subordinate clauses can interrupt the main thing, “intervene” into it. In this case, we highlight or not highlight with commas on both sides.

The driver didn’t remember the place where he had left the car well.

The driver didn’t remember the parking lot in his neighborhood, where only expensive cars are parked, well.

How to make sentences in English

Declarative sentence

The classification into declarative, interrogative and exclamatory sentences is made based on punctuation marks. At the end of declarative sentences we put a period, at the end of interrogative sentences we put a question mark, at the end of exclamatory sentences we put an exclamation mark. However, they differ not only in punctuation, but also in word order. In declarative sentences, the word order is direct - we talked about them above.

Interrogative sentence

So, there are 2 basic types of questions: general and. To the first we answer “yes” or “no”, and to the second we answer something specific, special (depending on what is asked in the question itself). Remember that the word order in any English sentence is FIXED, and this also applies to questions.

0 place- QUESTION WORD

What - what? Which?
Who - who?
Who(m) - to whom? by whom?
Where - where? Where?
When - when?
Why - why?
How - how?
How much (many) - how much?
Which - which?
What - which one?
Whose - whose?

1st place- AUXILIARY VERB

is/are/am
do / does / did
will / would / shall
have / has
can/could
may/might
ought
should

2nd place- SUBJECT

3rd place- BASIC (SEMINAL) VERB

4th place- REST OF THE WORDS

There are also several comments to this structure:

NOTE 1. How to choose an auxiliary verb? Very simply: the auxiliary verb is the one that appears first in the original sentence. For example:

Danny is a worker ---> is
Anna will drive ---> will
They have finished the report ---> have

Therefore, to ask a question, you just need to rearrange the subject and predicate.

What to do if there is no auxiliary verb? For example: We visited the museum. Here we only have the main verb - visited. Therefore, when there is no visible auxiliary verb, it is do / does / did, depending on the tense. In our case it is did, since the verb is in .

NOTE 2. The main (semantic) verb, when you ask a question, is pure, that is, without any endings, in the initial form.

NOTE 3. How to understand 0 place? This position in the question is called so because there are question words only in special questions, but not in general ones. It is by the question word that you determine what to answer. For example:

Mother gave her son a tasty medicine yesterday because he was ill.

Who? -Mother
Whom? -son
Whose son? -her
What? - medicine
What medicine? - tasty
When? - yesterday
Why? - because he was ill

IN general issues(those to which you answer “yes” or “no”) there is no question word, that is, the auxiliary verb comes immediately.

exclamation clause

As a rule, exclamatory sentences begin with what (what the..., which...) or how (how...). Here, too, you need to be careful with the word order.

What..!

Table 3. Word order of English exclamatory sentences

How..!

In exclamations, it is customary to put either an adjective or an adverb after how.

How sweet! - How nice!

How lovely! - How funny!

Sometimes you can find a more detailed construction: How + adjective/adverb + subject + predicate.

How interesting it was to hear her story!

How wonderful it is to see you!

Instructions

Unlike the Russian language, English has a non-free word order. If we can say “I love to sing”, rearranging the words as we please, and the meaning will not change, then the order of the members of the sentence in English phrase is strict and fixed. One of the first and basic rules that you need to know in initial stage study - any sentence must have a subject and a predicate. Therefore, no matter how the phrase sounds (“It’s getting dark”), it will contain both of the mentioned elements: It’s getting dark.

An affirmative sentence is constructed according to the following scheme: subject expressed by a noun (Subject) + predicate expressed by a verb (Object). A common sentence will look like this: adverbial – definition – subject – predicate – object. To make a statement, first select the two main parts of the sentence - the predicate and the subject - and put them in the desired order, without separating them. Place additions that answer the questions “what?”, “to whom?”, “for what?”, after the predicate in this order: indirect, direct and prepositional. Determiners (“which one?”) always precede the subject; the adverbial circumstance (of time, place) can be placed either at the beginning or at the end of the sentence.

In negative sentences, you must use the particle “not” If the predicate is a regular verb, place after the subject the auxiliary word “do” in the required form (does, did) and not (I don't drink coffee). Attach the particle not to any form of the verb be ( It's not true).

In interrogative sentences, it is necessary to change the word order. There are four types of questions in English: general, alternative, special and the so-called tag-question. In most of them, the main members, additions, circumstances, definitions remain in their places. But at the beginning it is necessary to put a question word (if this is a special question) or an auxiliary verb (is, do, did, etc.). “A question with a tail” has exactly the same word order as a statement, but at the end it is necessary to put the endings isn’t it?, did you, don’t they? and others, depending on which verb is used and in what form - negative or positive.

Learn the sentence construction rules presented above. When you do an exercise in which you need to construct a phrase from existing words, first determine the type of sentence: question, statement, negation. If it is a question, determine its type. Select the main parts of the sentence and put them in the right order. Determine the order of other elements, supply the necessary auxiliary words.

And now we will look at the basics of composing simple sentences to express past, present and future tenses using examples.

Construction of sentences in the Simple group

Affirmative sentences

Let's start with the Present Simple. All affirmative sentences are constructed according to the following scheme:

“I” in this example is the subject. It should not be confused with the complement, since the subject performs the action, and the action is performed on the complement. Moreover, in Russian the order of words is not important to us, because it is already clear who is performing the action. We can freely say: “I eat the cake.” But in English you won’t be able to construct a sentence like this, since the one who performs the action must come first, otherwise they will simply laugh at you when you say: “The cake is eating me.” Even through passive voice such a phrase will sound very strange.
In second place should be the predicate, which expresses the action itself. In the Russian language, there are often sentences with an incomplete grammatical basis, where there is no subject or predicate, or both are absent. In the latter case we are dealing with impersonal offer: "It's dark." In English there must always be a subject and a predicate. So, if there is no verb in a Russian sentence, then it will definitely appear in English. Let’s take, for example, a one-part sentence in which there is no predicate: “The telephone is on the table.” To translate it correctly, we will need to use the verb “to be”, which will connect the subject with the predicate. As a result, the phrase will literally be translated as: “The phone is on the table.”
In third place, the secondary members of the sentence are lined up according to a certain rule: first comes the direct object (answers the question “who?”, “what?”, “who?”), then the indirect object (answers the same questions, but with the prepositions “with whom?” ?”, “to whom?”, etc.). This rule is not always observed and is not strict.

As in Russian, English verbs vary depending on the person. The main changes occur in the 3rd person singular (he, she, it), where the suffix “s” or “es” is added to the predicate. As a result, we get the sentence: “He goes to school.”

Negative sentences

In addition to affirmation, there is also negation, the diagram of which looks like this:

In this scheme, all the same components are found, except for the linking verb “do” and the particle “not”, which is equivalent to the negative particle “not” in Russian. What is an auxiliary verb and why is it needed? Unlike the Russian language, where we simply put the particle “not” before the verb, in English there must be an auxiliary verb before the particle “not”. It is different for each tense, and in the case of the Present Simple it will be in the form of either “do” or “does” depending on the number and person of the subject. Example: “She does not go to school.”

Interrogative sentences

So, we have considered the affirmation, the negation, and we are left with a question, the formation of which also requires an auxiliary verb:

So, we have discussed with you the basic principles of constructing various types of sentences in Present Simple. Past Simple and Future Simple are constructed in a similar way, the main differences will be in the form of the auxiliary verb.

Constructing sentences in the Future Simple

Statement

The scheme for constructing a statement in the simple future tense (Future Simple) is as follows:

The auxiliary verb will indicates that the action takes place in the future tense, and the phrase will be translated as: “I will go to school.”

Negation

Negation is constructed using the already familiar particle “not” and the auxiliary verb “will”.

Question

Any question begins with an auxiliary verb, so when constructing a question we simply put will in first place.

Past Simple

Statement

When constructing a statement in the past tense of the Simple group, there is a small peculiarity: the suffix “ed” is added to the verb.

I specifically omitted the example with school because it uses an irregular verb. Most verbs form the simple past tense by adding the suffix “ed” to the stem (cook - cooked), but there are about 470 verbs, according to the Oxford Dictionary, that form the past tense according to their own canons. Our verb “go” also falls into their number, which will change its form to “went”: “I went to school.”

Negation

Negation in the simple past tense is constructed similarly to the Present Simple, with the only difference being that the form of the auxiliary verb “do” takes on the past form “did”.

Question

The question is also constructed by analogy with the Present Simple. We only change the form of the auxiliary verb to the past.

So we studied the construction of sentences in the entire Simple group. The main thing is to remember the patterns for all three types (affirmation, negation and question), do not forget how word forms change for verbs in the 3rd person singular and memorize the main ones irregular verbs to achieve automaticity in speech.

Construction of sentences in the Continuous group

In the Continuous group there is always an auxiliary verb “to be”, the change in form of which will tell us when the action occurs: yesterday, now or tomorrow. In this group, the participle I is also always present, similar to the real participle in the Russian language. The participle itself is constructed by adding the suffix “ing” to the verb (go - going).

Statement

Let's not deviate from the structure and consider the formation of time in the Present Continuous.

The forms of the verb “to be” change depending on the person, and here the matter is not limited to changes only in the 3rd person singular. You just need to remember the forms.

In the past tense, the auxiliary verb changes its form to “was” or were” depending on the person and number.

The sentence construction scheme in the Past Continuous will be as follows:

The future tense in this group is formed without any changes, we simply put the future tense verb “will” before the auxiliary “to be”:

Denial and question

The construction of negation and question occurs according to general scheme sentence construction: when negating, put “not” after the auxiliary verb, and when questioning, put the auxiliary verb in first place.

To construct the past form, you need to change the form of the auxiliary verb to “had”.

To build a future form, we additionally put “will”.

Denial and question

Negation and question are constructed in a classical way: the particle not after had (in negation), had in first place (in question).

Denial and question

Negation	Question
I have not been going.	Have I been going to school?

These sentences are given for the sake of example only; in practice, you are unlikely to find yourself in a situation where you will need to express yourself in the Perfect Continuous. It will be much easier and faster to construct a phrase from the Simple and Continuous groups.

Simplified table of formation of all types of sentences in all tenses

For those who are encountering tenses for the first time, this article may seem a little chaotic, so as a result, I offer you a ready-made table with the formation of sentences in all tenses to make it easier for you to see the whole picture. You can use it as a cheat sheet in the initial stages of studying temporary structures. The table is taken from the Pikabu resource.