NIKOLAI VASILYEVICH GOGOL
(Dedicated to the 200th anniversary of his birth)
“...There is hardly the highest of pleasures than the pleasure of creating...”
N.V. Gogol
Chronology of works by N.V. Gogol:
1809
, March 20 (April 1) - N.V. Gogol was born.
1829
- poem “Italy” (without signature).
the poem “Hanz Küchelgarten” was published under the pseudonym V. Alov.
1830
- the story “Bisavryuk, or the Evening on the Eve of Ivan Kupala” (published in Otechestvennye zapiski without a signature).
1831
- Part 1 of the story “Evenings on a farm near Dikanka”; “May Night, or the Drowned Woman,” story; “Sorochinskaya Fair”, story; "Chapter from a historical novel"; “Teacher” from the Little Russian story “The Scary Boar”; “Woman”, the first work published under real name author.
1832
- Part 2 of the story “Evenings on a farm near Dikanka”; "Terrible Revenge", story.
1834
- “Nevsky Prospekt”, story; “Portrait”, story; “Notes of a Madman”, story; "Marriage", comedy.
1835
- “Arabesques” (collection of articles); “Mirgorod” (“Old World Landowners”, “Taras Bulba”, “Viy”, “The Tale of How Ivan Ivanovich Quarreled with Ivan Nikiforovich”); written “The Nose”, a story; written "The Inspector General", comedy; "Dead Souls", a poem, has been started.
1836
- publication of the first issue of Sovremennik, where “The Stroller”, “The Morning of a Business Man” and the article “On the movement of magazine literature in 1834 and 1835” were published.
1841
- “The Overcoat”, story.
1842
- “Dead Souls” was released; Publication of the works of N.V. Gogol, where “The Overcoat” and “Theatrical Travel” were published for the first time.
1843
- “The Works of Nikolai Gogol” in 4 volumes,
1846
- “The Inspector's Denouement” and the preface to the second edition of “Dead Souls” were written.
1847
- “Selected passages from correspondence with friends”, “Author’s confession”.
1852
, night from February 11 to 12 (old style) - burning of the second volume of “Dead Souls”.
1852
, February 21 at 8 o'clock in the morning N.V. Gogol died.
2009 was declared by UNESCO as the year of N.V. Gogol
“Gogol should be recognized as the founder of a new, real trend in Russian literature: all later writers, willy-nilly, join him, no matter what shade their works are.”
M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin
“Gogol was our first folk, exclusively Russian poet; no one understood better than he all the shades of Russian life and Russian character, no one portrayed Russian society so amazingly correctly; the best modern figures of our literature can be called followers of Gogol..."
D. I. Pisarev
“...None of our writers expressed their consciousness of their patriotic significance as vividly and clearly as in Gogol. He directly considered himself a man called to serve not art, but the Fatherland, he thought of himself: “I am not a poet, I am a citizen.”
N. G. Chernyshevsky
“Gogol is an extraordinary man, with a high mind and a correct view of art... He studied human feelings and observed them, in a word, he is the most interesting person one can imagine meeting. He has a good heart for all this.”
A. A. Ivanov
“...His irony and laughter are bitter everywhere, but not arrogant. Laughing, Gogol suffers. By exposing a vice, he first of all exposes it in himself, which he admitted more than once, he suffered and cried, dreaming of getting closer to the “ideal”. And it was given to him not only to get closer to great artistic discoveries, but also to painfully comprehend the truth of existence, the greatness and depravity of human morality.”
V. P. Astafiev
“My life, my highest pleasure died with him... When I created, I saw only Pushkin in front of me... I did nothing, I didn’t write anything without his advice. I owe everything good I have to him.”
N.V. Gogol about A.S. Pushkin.
Marveling at the great mind,
He is not persecuted, he is not slandered,
And his contemporaries
During his lifetime, a monument is being prepared...
But fate has no mercy
To him whose noble genius
Became an accuser of the crowd,
Her passions and delusions.
N. A. Nekrasov on the death of N. V. Gogol
Gogol's aphorisms...
“Words must be handled honestly.”
“Reason is an incomparably higher ability, but it is acquired only by victory over the passions.”
“The higher the truths, the more careful you need to be with them: otherwise they will suddenly turn into commonplaces, and they no longer believe in commonplaces.”
“Youth is happy because it has a future.”
“Take it with you on the journey, emerging from the soft years of youth into stern, bitter courage - take with you all human movements, do not leave them on the road: you will not pick them up later!”
“Glory cannot satisfy and give pleasure to those who stole it and did not deserve it; it produces constant awe only in those worthy of it.”
“The Russian man has an enemy, an irreconcilable, dangerous enemy, without which he would be a giant. This enemy is laziness.”
“Anger is inappropriate everywhere, and most of all in a matter of justice, because it obscures and muddies it.”
“No matter how stupid the words of a fool are, sometimes they are enough to confuse an intelligent person.”
“Poets do not come from somewhere overseas, but come from their own people. These are the lights flying out of him, the advanced messengers of his powers.”
“Art certainly strives for good, positively or negatively: whether it shows us the beauty of all the best that is in a person, or whether it laughs at the ugliness of all the worst in a person. If you expose all the rubbish that is in a person, and display it in such a way that each of the spectators will receive complete disgust for it, I ask: is this not already praise for everything good? I ask: isn’t this a praise of goodness?”
Screen adaptation of the works of N.V. Gogol:
1. Biographies of writers: video encyclopedia for 2 checkouts. Cass. 2: Griboyedov, Lermontov, Gogol. - M.: (Tsentrnauchfilm; Video studio “KVART”).
2. Evenings on a farm near Dikanka: based on N.V. Gogol’s story “The Night Before Christmas” - 1961. - (Gorky Film Studio / Gorky Films LLC, 1999 / Master TAPE LLC. - Written and directed. A. Rowe.
3. Viy: based on the story of the same name by N.V. Gogol. - 1967. - (K / art. "Mosfilm" / "Close-up", 1999) - (Literary classics on the screen). - Scene. A. Ptushko, K. Ershova, G. Kropacheva. Fast. K. Ershova, G. Kropacheva.
4. Players: based on the comedy of the same name by N.V. Gogol. - 1978. - M.: (State Radio Fund USSR / State Television and Radio Fund, 1995; Master Tape LLC, 2001). - (Theater on screen).
5. The Inspector General: based on the comedy of the same name by N.V. Gogol. -1982. - (State Television and Radio of the USSR. / State Television and Radio Fund, 1995. / Master Tape LLC, 2000. - (Theater on the screen). - Directed by V. Pluchek.
6. The Inspector General: based on the comedy of the same name by N.V. Gogol. - 1952. - (K / art. "Mosfilm" / LLC "Prestige Studio-M", 2004). - (Through the pages of literary classics). — Scene. And fasting. V. Petrova.
7. Dead Souls: satirical comedy based on the poem by N.V. Gogol. - 1960. - (K / art. “Mosfilm” / “Close-up”, 2002). - (From the collection of films of the State Film Fund of Russia. Literary classics on the screen). - Scene. development and post L. Trauberg.
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An exposer of passions and delusions [Text]: information and biobibliographic almanac for the 200th anniversary of the birth of Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol / MUK MR “MCB”; comp. A. A. Barashyan, comp. set by K. V. Khaspekyan. - Chaltyr: MUK MR "MTsB", 2009. - 6 p. - (10 copies).
Quiz on the works of Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol
QUESTIONS
1. Where and when was Gogol born?
2. What were the names of Gogol's father and mother, who were they by origin?
3. What kind of education did Gogol receive?
4. What sciences did Gogol study at the Nezhin gymnasium?
5. What were the names of the gymnasium literary magazines, of which Gogol was an organizer and participant?
6. What female role did Gogol play in his student play?
7. Name the first published work of Gogol, what pseudonym was it signed by?
8. What science did Gogol teach at St. Petersburg University?
9. What was the name of the beekeeper, on whose behalf the story is told in “Evenings on a Farm near Dikanka”.
10. The plots of which works were suggested to Gogol by Alexander Pushkin?
11. In which theater was Gogol’s comedy “The Inspector General” first staged? Who played the role of the mayor? Who is Khlestakova?
12. Who owns the words spoken after the first performance of “The Inspector General”: “What a play! Everyone got it, and I got it more than everyone else!”?
13. Which work by Gogol does I. E. Repin’s painting “The Cossacks Write a Letter to the Turkish Sultan” remind you of?
14. What were the names of the main characters in Gogol’s stories “The Overcoat,” “The Nose,” and “Portrait”?
15. Which Russian composer wrote an opera based on Gogol's story “Sorochinskaya Fair”?
16. Based on the plot of which work by Gogol, P. I. Tchaikovsky wrote the opera “Cherevichki”?
17. N. A. Rimsky-Korsakov wrote an opera based on the plot of which Gogol work?
18. What proverb did Gogol take as the epigraph to the comedy “The Inspector General”?
19. To which of Gogol's heroes do these words belong:
1) “Why are you laughing? You're laughing at yourself!..."
2) “There were comrades in other lands, but there were no such comrades as in the Russian land!”
3) “Another scammer will deceive you, sell you rubbish, not souls; and I have a strong nut, everything is to choose..."
4) “As you run up the stairs to your fourth floor, you just say to the cook: “Here, Mavrushka, overcoat...”
5) “I lived and lived, and now I have to get married. There are so many worries..."
20. In what year does the play “The Inspector General” take place?
21. Where is the city in which the events of the play “The Inspector General” take place?
22. What is Plyushkin’s name from the poem “Dead Souls” and how old is he?
23. Which of Gogol's heroes does this portrait belong to?
1) “...not handsome, but not bad-looking, not too fat, not too thin, not too old, but not too young.”
2) “...seemed very similar to average size bear... His complexion had a red-hot, hot complexion, the kind you get on a copper coin.”
3) “...an elderly woman, in some kind of sleeping cap, put on hastily, with a flannel around her neck, one of those mothers, small landowners who cry when the harvest fails.”
4) “He was of average height, a very well-built fellow with full rosy cheeks, teeth as white as snow and jet-black sideburns.”
5) “A provincial coquette, not yet quite old, brought up half on novels and albums, half on the chores in her pantry and maid’s room.”
6) “A young man of about twenty-three, thin, skinny; somewhat stupid and, as they say, without a king in his head.”
7) In the net, “along with the fish, a round man got entangled, the same height as the thickness, like a watermelon or a barrel.”
24. Name the authors of the monuments to Gogol in Moscow?
1. “The Dnieper is wonderful in calm weather, when its full waters freely and smoothly rush through forests and mountains. Not a stir; not a thunderbolt... A rare bird will fly to the middle of the Dnieper. Lush! It has no equal river in the world... The stars burn and shine over the world and all at once give off in the Dnieper.”
2. “Do you know Ukrainian night? Oh, you don’t know Ukrainian night! Take a closer look at it. The moon is looking down from the middle of the sky. The vast vault of heaven opened up and spread even more vastly. It burns and breathes. The earth is all in a silver light; and the wonderful air is cool and sultry, and full of bliss, and moves with an ocean of fragrances. Divine night!
3. “Rus! Rus! I see you, from my wonderful, beautiful distance I see you: you are poor, scattered and uncomfortable... Russia, where are you rushing? Give an answer. Doesn't give an answer. The bell rings with a wonderful ringing; The air, torn into pieces, thunders and becomes the wind; “everything that is on earth flies past, and, looking askance, other peoples and states step aside and give way to it.”
4. “... are there really such fires, torments and such strength in the world that would overpower the Russian force!”
5. “Expresses strongly” Russian people! The word of a Briton will echo with heart knowledge and wise knowledge of life; The short-lived word of a Frenchman will flash and spread like a light dandy; the German will intricately come up with his own, not accessible to everyone, clever and thin word; but there is no word that would be so sweeping, lively, would burst out from under the very heart, would boil and ripple like a well-spoken Russian word.”
Which of the characters in Gogol's works
1. ...Did you decide that “you can’t take the straight road and that the oblique road is more straight forward”?
2. ...Took bribes with greyhound puppies?
3. ...Was he a father and benefactor in the city and therefore visited the shops and the guest yard as if he were visiting his own storeroom?
4. ...Could you embroider on tulle well?
5. ... Was killed by the peasants of the villages of Vshivaya arrogance, Brovki, Zadi-railovo?
6. ... He wore “harem pants in such wide folds that if they were inflated, the entire yard with barns and buildings could be placed in them”; Did you like to drink tea while climbing into the river?
7. ...Did of fright at one very strange news?
8. ...He had such a household that “even a man’s pig looked like a nobleman”?
9. ...Have you read letters written by dogs and imagined yourself as a Spanish king?
10. ...Running away from your bride through the window on your wedding day?
11. ...Couldn’t tell your right hand from your left?
Who said about N.V. Gogol
1. “I just read Evenings near Dikanka. They amazed me. This is real gaiety, sincere, relaxed, without affectation, without stiffness. And in places what poetry! What sensitivity. All this is so unusual in our current literature that I still haven’t come to my senses.”
2. “Gogol introduced new elements into our literature and gave rise to many imitators... A new period of Russian literature begins with Gogol.”
3. “Gogol is dead! What Russian soul would not be shocked by these two words?... Yes, he died, this man whom we now have the right, the bitter right given to us by death, to call great. A man who, with his name, signified an era in the history of our literature; a man whom we are proud of as one of our glories! He died, struck down in the prime of his life, at the height of his strength, without finishing the work he began, like the noblest of his predecessors...”
4. “For a long time there has not been a writer in the world who was as important for his people as Gogol was for Russia.”
5. “I was reproached that our “Inspector General” is not very cheerful. But Gogol himself blamed the first performer of the role of Khlestakov, Nikolai Dur, for trying too hard to make the audience laugh. Gogol liked to say that something funny often turns into something sad if you look at it for a long time. This transformation of the funny into the sad is the focus of Gogol’s stage style.”
6. “Gogol... has an extraordinary, strong and high talent. At least at present he is the head of literature..."
7. “Dead Souls” shocked all of Russia... Such an accusation was necessary modern Russia. This is a medical history written with a masterful hand. Gogol’s poetry is a cry of horror and shame...”
ANSWERS
1. Gogol was bornonUkraine on March 20 (April 1), 1809 in the town of Bolshie Sorochintsy, Mirgorod district, Poltava province.
2. Father - Vasily Afanasyevich Gogol-Yanovsky, belonged to the new nobility. His grandfatherwasvillage priest. And his father, Afanasy Demyanovich (the writer’s grandfather), graduated from the Kiev Theological Academy and enteredVRegimental Mirgorod office and completed his career with the rank of second major. Marriedon TatianaSemyonovna Lizogub is from an old Cossack family.
Mother - Maria Ivanovna Gogol, nee Kosyarovskaya, daughter of a wealthy landowner.
3. From 1818 to 1820 he studied in Nizhyn,VGymnasiums higher sciences Prince A. A. Bezborodko.
4. 1) God's law; 2) languages and literature: Russian, Latin, Greek, German, French; 3) geography and history; 4) physical and mathematical sciences, political, legal, military sciences; 5) natural law; 6) dancing, drawing, drawing.
5. “Northern Dawn”, “Star” and “Meteor of Literature*
6. The role of Prostakova in D. I. Fonvizin’s comedy “The Minor.”
7. In 1829, the idyll “Ganz Küchelgarten” under the pseudonym V. Alov.
8. Gogol was an associate professor at the Department of General History of St. Petersburg University, giving a course of lectures on the history of the Middle Ages.
9. Rudy Panko.
10. A. S. Pushkin suggested the plots of “The Inspector General” and “Dead Souls” to N. V. Gogol.
11. In St. Petersburg, on April 19, 1836 at the Alexandria Theater, the role of the Mayor was performed by actor I. I. SoSnitsky, Khlestakova -AND.ABOUT.Dur.
12. The words belong to Emperor NicholasI.
13. The story "Taras Bulba".
14. Akaki Akakievich Bashmachkin, Major Kovalev and artist Chartkov.
15. M. P. Mussorgsky.
16. "Christmas Eve".
17. « May night».
18. “There’s no point in blaming the mirror if your face is crooked.”
19. 1) To the mayor, the comedy “The Inspector General”.
2) Taras Bulba.
3) Sobakevich,poem "Dead Souls".
4) Khlestakov, comedy “The Inspector General”.
5) Agafya Tikhonovna, comedy “Marriage”.
20. In 1831. In the first act, Lyapkin-Tyapkin says that he has been sitting in the judge’s chair for 15 years, andVfourth - reportsKhlestakov, thatelected in 1816. It turns out 1831 (1816+15).
21. Cityis located somewhere between Penza and Saratov. Khlestakov lost in Penza and rodeVSaratov province.
22. DirectThere is no indication of this in the text of Dead Souls, but Gogol writes: “... he could not rely on his eldest daughter, Alexandra Stepanovna, for everything...” This means that Plyushkin’s name was Stepan. He was over fifty. He himself said: “...I’ve been living for sixty years.”
23. Poem "Dead Souls":
1) Chichikov,
2) Sobakevich,
3) Box,
4) Nozdrev.
5) Anna Andreevna, the mayor’s wife; comedy "The Inspector General".
6) Ivan Aleksandrovich Khlestakov; comedy "The Inspector General".
7) Petr Petrovich Rooster; second volume of the poem “Dead Souls”.
24. Sculptors: N. A. Andreev and N. V. Tomsky.
What works are these lines from?
1. The story "Terrible Revenge".
2. The story "May Night, or the Drowned Woman".
3. Poem "Dead Souls".
4. The story "Taras Bulba".
5. Poem"Dead Souls".
Which of the characters in Gogol's works...
1. Chichikov; poem "Dead Souls".
2. Judge Lyapkin-Tyapkin; comedy "The Inspector General".
3. Chief of Police; poem "Dead Souls".
4. City GovernorNN, poem "Dead Souls".
5. Police assessor Drobyashkin; poem "The Dead"
souls."
6. Ivan Nikiforovich Dovgochkhun; “The story of how Ivan Ivanovich quarreled with Ivan Nikiforovich.”
7. The prosecutor of the city of NN upon the news of Chichikov’s purchase of “dead souls.”
8. Kostanzhoglo; second volume of Dead Souls.
9. Poprishchin; story “Notes of a Madman.”
10. Podkolesin; comedy "Marriage".
11. Pelageya, the yard girl of the landowner Korobochka; poem
Who said about N.V. Gogol
1 A.S. Pushkin
2. V.G. Belinsky
3. I.S. Turgenev
4. N.G. Chernyshevsky
5. V.E. Meyerhold
6. V.G. Belinsky
7. A.I. Herzen
Literature
Kozak O.N. Literary quizzes. – SPb.: SOYUZ.1998. – 272s.
Literature. 9 – 11 grades: quizzes / author’s comp. N.F. Romashina. – Volgograd: Teacher, 2008. - 204
Years of life: from 03/20/1809 to 02/21/1852
Outstanding Russian writer, playwright, poet, critic, publicist. The works are included in the classics of domestic and world literature. Gogol's works had and still have a huge influence on writers and readers.
Childhood and youth
Born in the town of Velikiye Sorochintsy, Mirgorod district, Poltava province, in the family of a landowner. The writer's father, V. A. Gogol-Yanovsky (1777-1825), served at the Little Russian Post Office, in 1805 he retired with the rank of collegiate assessor and married M. I. Kosyarovskaya (1791-1868), according to legend, the first beauty in the Poltava region. The family had six children: in addition to Nikolai, son Ivan (died in 1819), daughters Marya (1811-1844), Anna (1821-1893), Lisa (1823-1864) and Olga (1825-1907). Gogol spent his childhood years on the estate of his parents Vasilyevka (another name is Yanovshchina). As a child, Gogol wrote poetry. The mother showed great concern for the religious education of her son, and it is her influence that is attributed to the religious and mystical orientation of the writer’s worldview. In 1818-19, Gogol, together with his brother Ivan, studied at the Poltava district school, and then, in 1820-1821, took private lessons. In May 1821 he entered the gymnasium of higher sciences in Nizhyn. Here he is engaged in painting, participates in performances - as a decorative artist and as an actor. Tries himself in various literary genres(writes elegiac poems, tragedies, historical poems, stories). At the same time he writes the satire “Something about Nezhin, or the law is not written for fools” (not preserved). However, he does not think about a literary career; all his aspirations are connected with “public service”; he dreams of a legal career.The beginning of a literary career, rapprochement with A.S. Pushkin.
After graduating from high school in 1828, Gogol went to St. Petersburg. Experiencing financial difficulties, unsuccessfully fussing about a place, Gogol made his first literary attempts: at the beginning of 1829 the poem “Italy” appeared, and in the spring of the same year, under the pseudonym “V. Alov”, Gogol published the “idyll in pictures” “Ganz Küchelgarten”. The poem evoked very negative reviews from critics, which increased the difficult mood of Gogol, who throughout his life experienced criticism of his works very painfully. In July 1829, he burned unsold copies of the book and suddenly made a short trip abroad. Gogol explained his step as an escape from something that had unexpectedly taken possession of him. love feeling. At the end of 1829 he managed to decide to serve in the department state economy and public buildings of the Ministry of Internal Affairs (first as a scribe, then as an assistant to the clerk). His stay in the offices caused Gogol deep disappointment in the “public service,” but it provided him with rich material for future works. By this time, Gogol was devoting more and more time to literary work. Following the first story “Bisavryuk, or the Evening on the Eve of Ivan Kupala” (1830), Gogol published a series works of art and articles. The story "Woman" (1831) was the first work signed with the author's real name. Gogol meets P. A. Pletnev. Until the end of his life, Pushkin remained an indisputable authority for Gogol, both artistic and moral. By the summer of 1831, his relations with Pushkin's circle became quite close. Gogol's financial position is strengthened thanks to pedagogical work: he gives private lessons in the houses of P.I. Balabin, N.M. Longinov, A.V. Vasilchikov, and from March 1831 became a history teacher at the Patriotic Institute.The most fruitful period of life
During this period, “Evenings on a Farm near Dikanka” (1831-1832) was published. They aroused almost universal admiration and made Gogol famous. 1833, the year for Gogol, was one of the most intense, full of painful searches for a further path. Gogol writes his first comedy, “Vladimir of the 3rd Degree,” however, experiencing creative difficulties and foreseeing censorship complications, he stops working. During this period, he was seized by a serious craving for the study of history - Ukrainian and world. Gogol is trying to occupy the department of world history at the newly opened Kiev University, but to no avail. In June 1834, however, he was appointed an associate professor in the department of general history at St. Petersburg University, but after conducting several classes he left this job. At the same time, in deep secret, he wrote the stories that made up his two subsequent collections - “Mirgorod” and “Arabesques”. Their harbinger was “The Tale of How Ivan Ivanovich Quarreled with Ivan Nikiforovich” (first published in the book “Housewarming” in 1834). The publication of “Arabesque” (1835) and “Mirgorod” (1835) confirmed Gogol’s reputation as an outstanding writer. The work on the works that later formed the cycle “Petersburg Tales” also dates back to the early thirties. In the fall of 1835, Gogol began writing “The Inspector General,” the plot of which (as Gogol himself claimed) was suggested by Pushkin; the work progressed so successfully that on January 18, 1836, he read the comedy at an evening with Zhukovsky, and in the same year the play was staged. Along with the resounding success, the comedy also caused a number of critical reviews, the authors of which accused Gogol of slandering Russia. The controversy that flared up had an adverse effect on the writer’s state of mind. In June 1836 Gogol left St. Petersburg for Germany and began almost 12 summer period the writer's stay abroad. Gogol begins to write Dead Souls. The plot was also suggested by Pushkin (this is known from the words of Gogol). In February 1837, in the midst of work on Dead Souls, Gogol received the shocking news of Pushkin's death. In a fit of “inexpressible melancholy” and bitterness, Gogol feels the “present work” as the poet’s “sacred testament.” At the beginning of March 1837 he came to Rome for the first time, which later became one of the writer’s favorite cities. In September 1839, Gogol arrived in Moscow and began reading chapters of Dead Souls, which evoked an enthusiastic reaction. In 1940, Gogol left Russia again and at the end of the summer of 1840 in Vienna, he suddenly suffered one of the first attacks of a severe nervous illness. In October he comes to Moscow and reads the last 5 chapters of “Dead Souls” in the Aksakovs’ house. However, in Moscow, censorship did not allow the novel to be published, and in January 1842 the writer forwarded the manuscript to the St. Petersburg Censorship Committee, where the book was approved, but with a change in title and without “The Tale of Captain Kopeikin.” In May, “The Adventures of Chichikov, or Dead Souls” was published. And again Gogol’s work caused a flurry of the most controversial responses. Against the background of general admiration, sharp accusations of caricature, farce, and slander are heard. All this controversy took place in the absence of Gogol, who went abroad in June 1842, where the writer was working on the 2nd volume of Dead Souls. Writing is extremely difficult, with long stops.
Last years of life. Creative and spiritual crisis of the writer.
At the beginning of 1845, Gogol showed signs of a new mental crisis. A period of treatment and moving from one resort to another begins. At the end of June or beginning of July 1845, in a state of sharp exacerbation of the disease, Gogol burns the manuscript of the 2nd volume. Subsequently, Gogol explained this step by the fact that the book did not show the “paths and roads” to the ideal clearly enough. An improvement in Gogol’s physical condition began only in the fall of 1845; he began work anew on the second volume of the book, however, experiencing increasing difficulties, gets distracted by other things. In 1847, “Selected Passages from Correspondence with Friends” was published in St. Petersburg. The release of Selected Places brought a real critical storm upon its author. Moreover, Gogol also received critical reviews from his friends, V.G. was especially harsh. Belinsky. Gogol takes criticism very seriously, tries to justify himself, and his spiritual crisis deepens. In 1848 Gogol returned to Russia and lived in Moscow. Reads in 1849-1850 individual chapters Volume 2 of "Dead Souls" to my friends. The approval inspires the writer, who now works with renewed energy. In the spring of 1850, Gogol makes his first and last attempt to arrange his family life - he proposes to A. M. Vielgorskaya, but is refused. January 1, 1852 Gogol reports that the 2nd volume is “completely finished.” But in the last days of the month, signs of a new crisis were clearly revealed, the impetus for which was the death of E. M. Khomyakova, a person spiritually close to Gogol. He is tormented by a premonition of imminent death, aggravated by newly intensified doubts about the beneficialness of his writing career and the success of the work being carried out. At the end of January - beginning of February, Gogol meets Father Matvey (Konstantinovsky) who arrived in Moscow; the content of their conversations remained unknown, however, there is an indication that Father Matvey advised to destroy part of the chapters of the poem, motivating this step by the “harmful influence” that they would have. The death of Khomyakova, the conviction of Konstantinovsky and, perhaps, other reasons convinced Gogol to abandon his creativity and begin fasting a week before Lent. On February 5, he saw off Konstantinovsky and since that day he eats almost nothing and stops leaving the house. At 3 a.m. from Monday to Tuesday, February 11-12, 1852, Gogol woke up his servant Semyon, ordered him to open the stove valves and bring a briefcase with manuscripts from the closet. Taking a bunch of notebooks out of it, Gogol put them in the fireplace and burned them (only 5 chapters, relating to various draft editions, were preserved in incomplete form). On February 20, a medical council decided to compulsorily treat Gogol, but the measures taken did not produce results. On the morning of February 21, N.V. Gogol died. The writer’s last words were: “Stairs, quickly, give me the stairs!”Information about the works:
At the Nizhyn gymnasium, Gogol was not a diligent student, but had an excellent memory, prepared for exams in a few days and moved from class to class; he was very weak in languages and made progress only in drawing and Russian literature.
It was Gogol, in his article “A few words about Pushkin,” who was the first to call Pushkin the greatest Russian national poet.
The morning after the burning of the manuscripts, Gogol told Count Tolstoy that he wanted to burn only some things that had been prepared in advance, but he burned everything under the influence of an evil spirit.
A bronze cross was installed on Gogol’s grave, standing on a black tombstone (“Golgotha”). In 1952, a new monument was erected on the grave instead of Golgotha, but Golgotha, as unnecessary, was for some time in the workshops of the Novodevichy cemetery, where it was discovered by the widow of E. S. Bulgakov. Elena Sergeevna bought the tombstone, after which it was installed over the grave of Mikhail Afanasyevich.
The 1909 film Viy is considered the first Russian “horror film.” Yes, the film has not survived to this day. And the film adaptation of the same Viy in 1967 is the only Soviet “horror film”.
Bibliography
Poems
Hanz Küchelgarten (1827)
attachments to the Auditor are partly of a journalistic nature
unfinished
Journalism
Film adaptations of works, theatrical performances
Number theatrical productions Gogol's plays throughout the world cannot be assessed. Only the Inspector General, and only in Moscow and St. Petersburg (Leningrad), was staged more than 20 times. A huge number of feature films have been made based on Gogol’s works. Far from it full list domestic film adaptations:
Viy (1909) dir. V. Goncharov, short film
Dead Souls (1909) dir. P. Chardynin, short film
The Night Before Christmas (1913) dir. V. Starevich
Portrait (1915) dir. V. Starevich
Viy (1916) dir. V. Starevich
How Ivan Ivanovich quarreled with Ivan Nikiforovich (1941) dir. A. Kustov
May Night, or the Drowned Woman (1952) dir. A. Rowe
The Inspector General (1952) dir. V. Petrov
The Overcoat (1959) dir. A. Batalov
Dead Souls (1960) dir. L. Trauberg
Evenings on a farm near Dikanka (1961) dir. A. Rowe
Viy (1967) dir. K. Ershov
Marriage (1977) dir. V. Melnikov
Incognito from St. Petersburg (1977) dir. L. Gaidai, based on the play The Inspector General
The Nose (1977) dir. R. Bykov
Dead Souls (1984) dir. M. Schweitzer, serial
The Inspector General (1996) dir. S. Gazarov
Evenings on a farm near Dikanka (2002) dir. S. Gorov, musical
The Case of “Dead Souls” (2005) dir. P. Lungin, television series
The Witch (2006) dir. O. Fesenko, based on the story by Viy
Russian Game (2007) dir. P. Chukhrai, based on the play Players
Taras Bulba (2009) dir. V. Bortko
Happy Ending (2010) dir. J. Chevazhevsky, modern version based on the story Nose
Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol (birth name Yanovsky, from 1821 - Gogol-Yanovsky; March 20, 1809, Sorochintsy, Poltava province - February 21, 1852, Moscow) - Russian prose writer, playwright, poet, critic, publicist, recognized as one of the classics Russian literature. Came from ancient noble family Gogol-Yanovskikh.
Great Russian writer.
Born in the town of Velikie Sorochintsy, Mirgorod district, Poltava province, in the family of a landowner. Gogol spent his childhood years on his parents' estate Vasilievka (another name is Yanovshchina). The cultural center of the region was Kibintsy, the estate of D. P. Troshchinsky, their distant relative; Gogol’s father served as his secretary. In Kibintsy there was a large library, there was a home theater, for which Gogol’s father wrote comedies, being also its actor and conductor.
In May 1821 he entered the gymnasium of higher sciences in Nizhyn. Here he paints and takes part in performances. He also tries himself in various literary genres (writes elegiac poems, tragedies, historical poems, stories). At the same time he writes the satire “Something about Nezhin, or the law is not written for fools” (not preserved). However, he dreams of a legal career.
Having graduated from the gymnasium in 1828, Gogol in December, together with another graduate A.S. Danilevsky travels to St. Petersburg, where he makes his first literary attempts: at the beginning of 1829, the poem “Italy” appears, published by “Hanz Küchelgarten” (under the pseudonym “V. Alov”).
At the end of 1829, he managed to decide to serve in the Department of State Economy and Public Buildings of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. During this period, “Evenings on a Farm near Dikanka”, “The Nose”, “Taras Bulba” were published.
In the fall of 1835, he began writing “The Inspector General,” the plot of which was suggested by Pushkin; the work progressed so successfully that the play premiered in the spring of 1836 on the stage of the Alexandria Theater.
In June 1836, Gogol left St. Petersburg for Germany (in total, he lived abroad for about 12 years). He spends the end of summer and autumn in Switzerland, where he begins to work on the continuation of Dead Souls. The plot was also suggested by Pushkin.
In November 1836, Gogol met A. Mitskevich in Paris. In Rome he receives shocking news about the death of Pushkin. In May 1842, “The Adventures of Chichikov, or Dead Souls” was published. The three years (1842-1845) that followed the writer’s departure abroad was a period of intense and difficult work on the second volume of Dead Souls.
At the beginning of 1845, Gogol showed signs of a mental crisis, and in a state of sharp exacerbation of his illness, he burned the manuscript of the second volume, on which he would continue to work some time later.
In April 1848, after a pilgrimage to the Holy Land, Gogol finally returned to Russia, where he spent most of his time in Moscow, visiting St. Petersburg, and also in his native places - in Little Russia. In the spring of 1850, Gogol makes his first and last attempt to arrange his family life - he proposes to A.M. Vielgorskaya, but is refused.
On January 1, 1852, Gogol informs Arnoldi that the second volume is “completely finished.” But in the last days of the month, signs of a new crisis were revealed, the impetus for which was the death of E. M. Khomyakova, sister of N. M. Yazykov, a person spiritually close to Gogol.
On February 7, Gogol confesses and receives communion, and on the night of February 11-12, he burns the white manuscript of the second volume (only five chapters have survived in incomplete form). On the morning of February 21, Gogol died in his last apartment in the Talyzin house in Moscow. The writer's funeral took place with a huge crowd of people at the cemetery of the St. Daniel's Monastery, and in 1931 Gogol's remains were reburied at the Novodevichy cemetery.
Disappointment in the literary field was soon joined by another failure of N.V. Gogol: he tried to enter the stage, but apparently did not satisfy the management of the imperial theaters, who were accustomed to the conventional, pompous manner of acting declamation.
However, unlike Zhukovsky, Gogol does not affirm the choice made by the romantic hero. Ganz found himself powerless in the fight for his dream. But the author does not renounce the social ideal, the need for “great works” in the name of “the good and the good” (lyrical digression “Duma”). This allows us to connect the poem “Hanz Küchelgarten” with progressive romanticism. Gogol also comes close to progressive romantics in the “Greek theme,” speaking out against the enslavement of the Greeks by the Turks. Gogol's idyll, which testified to the poet's literary inexperience, caused negative reviews in the Moscow Telegraph and in the Northern Bee. Dejected by the failure, the proud author takes copies of his book from bookstores, burns them and goes abroad, from where, however, he soon returns.
After graduating from the Nizhyn gymnasium, at the end of 1828, N.V. Gogol came to St. Petersburg to begin “service to the state” in fulfillment of his youthful dreams. But it turns out that getting even a minor official position in the capital was not so easy. Gogol looked for a position for a long time, and only at the end of 1829 did he manage to enter the department of state economy and public buildings. Meanwhile, two of his youthful works appeared in print. One of them, the poem “Italy,” published without a signature in the magazine “Son of the Fatherland” for 1829, is a pathetic hymn in honor of the “luxurious country” for which “the soul groans and yearns.” Another is the “idyll in pictures” “Hanz Küchelgarten” (1829), published under the pseudonym V. Alov.
Disappointment also befell Gogol in his “service to the state.” In St. Petersburg, Gogol had the opportunity to get an idea of the work of an official, and in May 1829 he wrote to his mother: “... for a price that can barely buy out the annual rent of an apartment and table, should I sell my health and precious time? and perfect nothingness, what does it look like? have no more than two hours of free time a day, and the rest of the time do not leave the table and rewrite the old nonsense and nonsense of the gentlemen of the mayor.” This is exactly the kind of work that Gogol had to do. He became convinced that a petty official had no opportunity for high service to the state, for implementing the ideals of justice and natural law. But Gogol saw that this was hardly accessible to an official and for more high level career ladder. Gogol is depressing by the general spirit of bureaucratic Petersburg. “The silence in it is extraordinary,” Gogol wrote to his mother on April 30, 1829, “no spirit shines among the people, all employees and officials, everyone talks about their departments and boards, everything is suppressed, everything is mired in idle, insignificant heaps, in which their life is wasted in vain."
On public service. Rapprochement with literary circles