Presentation on the topic "ecology of Kazakhstan". Presentation on the topic: Environmental problems of Kazakhstan We and the environment

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The Republic of Kazakhstan, one of the ten largest countries in the world, is characterized by difficult natural and climatic conditions. The territory is extremely remote and has no access to the world's oceans; it is represented mainly by desert and semi-desert landscapes. The climate of the republic is sharply continental and arid. The hydrographic network is very sparse, the volumes of watercourses are unstable. Kazakhstan is a storehouse of many minerals. Over 300 species of them are mined in the country.

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Currently, humanity is faced with the problem of a sharp deterioration of the environment and depletion natural resources on an ever-increasing scale. Environmental issues Kazakhstan was not spared either. The ecosystems of Kazakhstan are fragile and easily vulnerable, since most of the republic belongs to the arid zone.

The basis of many environmental disasters in the Republic are the continued use of extensive environmental management technologies, the lack of effective government control and serious miscalculations in the use and protection of natural resources. All this has led to the fact that in a number of regions of the Republic there is climate change, a shortage of drinking water, there is an increase in the level of water and soil pollution, atmospheric air, and them negative impact, leading to the extinction of many species of plants and animals. An unfavorable ecological situation is being created in a number of regions (the basins of the Aral and Caspian seas, the Ili-Balkhash region, Central and Eastern Kazakhstan).

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Objectives of teaching the discipline

The purpose of teaching the discipline

Study the features of Kazakhstan’s ecosystems, consider the negative impact of anthropogenic impact on the emergence of regional and local environmental problems

• KNOW: features of the ecology of the atmosphere, hydrosphere, soil cover, flora and fauna, radioecological situation of the Republic of Kazakhstan, including the East Kazakhstan region;
• BE ABLE TO: assess the environmental consequences of anthropogenic activities in the Republic, find ways to prevent and resolve emerging environmental violations.

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Natural climatic conditions and diversity of ecosystems of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Goal, objectives, problems of studying the ecology of Kazakhstan. Factors causing the formation of a complex environmental situation in the Republic of Kazakhstan. Global, subregional, local problems of the Republic of Kazakhstan, their characteristics and possible solutions.

Ecology of the atmosphere. State of atmospheric air in the Republic of Kazakhstan. Sources of air pollution (stationary and mobile), their characteristics. Contribution of industrial sectors to gross emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere. Division of the Republic of Kazakhstan into zones based on air pollution. Comprehensive Air Pollution Index

Ecology of soils in Kazakhstan. The concept of soil, soil functions. Land fund of the Republic of Kazakhstan, its distribution into categories according to intended purpose and natural and agricultural zones. General characteristics of environmental problems of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Technogenic disturbance of soils in the Republic of Kazakhstan. Soil pollution in the Republic of Kazakhstan. Problems of degradation and desertification, soil dehumification, erosion-deflation processes

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• Impact of rocket components and test sites on the environment. The impact of rocket components on the environment: rocket and space test sites around the world, areas where rockets fall, areas of contaminated land. The impact of cosmodromes and test sites on the environment.
• Radioecological situation in Kazakhstan. Radiation contamination: concept, main factors (sources). Natural sources of radioactive contamination, their characteristics. Man-made sources of radioactive contamination, their characteristics. Measures to improve the radiological situation in the Republic of Kazakhstan.
• Ecology of the hydrosphere. General characteristics of the hydrosphere of the Republic of Kazakhstan, their reserves and use. Environmental problems of water resources of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Ecology of river waters in Kazakhstan, the state of their quality. Ecology groundwater RK. Degradation of ecosystems of the Caspian, Aral and Balkhash basins.

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• Biological diversity and its problems. Biological diversity: concept, criteria for its assessment, the problem of its conservation and sustainable use. Reduction of forest resources as the most important plant resources. Problems of ecology of the animal world of the Republic of Kazakhstan: current situation and trends. Specially protected natural areas: characteristics, significance in the conservation of biodiversity.
• Production and consumption waste, problems and solutions. Industrial and consumer waste: concept, general characteristics, structure, classification, main causes. Characteristics of the main types of waste. Radioactive waste: sources of formation, characteristics, classification, placement in the Republic of Kazakhstan. Ways to solve problems with industrial and consumer waste.

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Ecological situation and public health. The health of the population (medical, socio-economic, environmental position) and its condition when the environment changes. The relationship between indicators of environmental pollution and deterioration of public health. The impact of atmospheric air pollution on the health of the population. The impact of the quality and level of water supply on the health of the population. The impact of desertification on public health. The influence of sources of radioactive contamination on public health. Priority measures to control and reduce risks from environmental pollution.

System public administration environmental protection. State policy and priorities in the field of environmental protection. Executive bodies involved in environmental management, their tasks, functions and rights. Goals of state policy in the field of environmental protection and rational use of natural resources. The main directions of the policy for stabilizing the quality of the environment. The main directions of the National Strategy of the Republic of Kazakhstan and the action plan for the conservation and balanced use of biodiversity. Participation of the Republic of Kazakhstan in international environmental processes. Priorities in the field of the environment, their tasks .

Analysis of environmental policy in Kazakhstan (applicable for Central Asia) B.K. Esekin, Chief expert of the EU project ()

Conclusions: water management Low status and fragmented water management Unclear or unrealistic goals and outdated water quality standards Low tariffs are an obstacle to water saving, investment and technology Failure to take into account nature's needs for water Uncontrolled use of water in agriculture - the main consumer (80 %)

In the Central Asian countries in the EU, MPC Drinking water MPC Water HP and KB MPC Water RH MPC are not the same goals as in the EU! Unrealistic standards: comparing Kazakhstan with the EU

Water management in Europe (EU) For all countries, EU directives set targets for each water body Water resources are coordinated by one organization The scope of management covers the entire basin (catchment area) Authoritative Basin Councils or their equivalents Tariffs and standards stimulate water conservation

Recommendations: Stage 1 – 3 years Raise the status of water management: create National Councils, water resources protection bodies and Water Conservation Centers Strengthen Basin Councils Revise standards (MPC) and link them with BAT (BAT). Review water use standards

Conclusions: atmospheric protection Outdated MPCs: unrealistic values ​​and number (300), absence of the most dangerous MPCs Conflict between BAT (BAT) and MPE Payments and standards - no incentives for environmental protection and energy saving Outdated standards for vehicles (EURO-2? ) Ineffective fuel quality control Low status public transport Ineffective monitoring

Recommendations: Stage 1 - 3 years Switch to a new MPC system: instead of 300, approve a maximum of 14 approved by WHO and the EU Improve the emission standardization system based on NTD (BAT) Increase payments for emissions, develop/revise energy consumption standards Strengthen requirements and control over fuel quality Make a decision on the implementation of EURO 4.5 Raise the status of public transport

Conclusions: solid waste management Lack of targets for solid waste in programs and legislation (EU example) Lack of national strategies for solid waste Lack of economic and other incentives for reducing education and disposal, and for the reuse of solid waste Poor development of infrastructure Lack of information and education
General, systemic problems: Lack of consistency and systematicity in environmental policy (changes every 2 years?) Lack or blurred goals in state and local programs Lack of effective administrative and economic incentives Lack of institutions and capacity to develop and implement programs Weak communication and public support

Additional information: Full Report (800 pages) and abridged (50 pages) with analysis of environmental policy - available on CD MEP website: Additional information: QUESTIONS?

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Slide presentation

Slide text: “Ecology of Kazakhstan” Doctor of Biological Sciences, Professor Panin M.S. L/O/G/O

Slide text: Mikhail Semenovich Panin – Doctor of Biological Sciences, Professor, Head of the Department of Ecological, Chemical and Geographical Disciplines of the Semipalatinsk State Pedagogical Institute, Director of the Ecological Center of the International Academy of Sciences of Pedagogical Education. Panin M.S. – academician of 8 international and republican academies, honored worker of higher education in Kazakhstan, honorary citizen of Semey.

Slide text: Prerequisites: “Ecology and sustainable development”; “History of Kazakhstan”; “Fundamentals of life safety.” Lectures Practical SRSP SRS Total (number of credits) Control form 30 15 22.5 67.5 135/3 Exam

Slide text: The Republic of Kazakhstan, one of the ten largest countries in the world, is characterized by difficult natural and climatic conditions. The territory is extremely remote and has no access to the world's oceans; it is represented mainly by desert and semi-desert landscapes. The climate of the republic is sharply continental and arid. The hydrographic network is very sparse, the volumes of watercourses are unstable. Kazakhstan is a storehouse of many minerals. Over 300 species of them are mined in the country.

Slide text: Currently, humanity is faced with the problem of a sharp deterioration of the environment and depletion of natural resources on an ever-increasing scale. Environmental problems have not escaped Kazakhstan either. The ecosystems of Kazakhstan are fragile and easily vulnerable, since most of the republic belongs to the arid zone. The basis of many environmental disasters in the Republic are the continued use of extensive environmental management technologies, the lack of effective government control and serious miscalculations in the use and protection of natural resources. All this has led to the fact that in a number of regions of the Republic there is climate change, a shortage of drinking water, an increase in the level of water, soil, and air pollution, and their negative impact, leading to the disappearance of many species of plants and animals. An unfavorable ecological situation is being created in a number of regions (the basins of the Aral and Caspian seas, the Ili-Balkhash region, Central and Eastern Kazakhstan).

Slide text: Objectives of teaching the discipline Purpose of teaching the discipline To study the features of the ecosystems of Kazakhstan, to consider the negative impact of anthropogenic impact on the emergence of regional and local environmental problems TO KNOW: features of the ecology of the atmosphere, hydrosphere, soil cover, flora and fauna, radioecological situation of the Republic of Kazakhstan, including East Kazakhstan region; BE ABLE TO: assess the environmental consequences of anthropogenic activities in the Republic, find ways to prevent and resolve emerging environmental violations.

Slide text: CONTENT OF LECTURE LESSONS. Natural and climatic conditions and diversity of ecosystems of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Goal, objectives, problems of studying the ecology of Kazakhstan. Factors causing the formation of a complex environmental situation in the Republic of Kazakhstan. Global, subregional, local problems of the Republic of Kazakhstan, their characteristics and possible solutions. Ecology of the atmosphere. State of atmospheric air in the Republic of Kazakhstan. Sources of air pollution (stationary and mobile), their characteristics. Contribution of industrial sectors to gross emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere. Division of the Republic of Kazakhstan into zones based on air pollution. Comprehensive air pollution index. Ecology of soils in Kazakhstan. The concept of soil, soil functions. Land fund of the Republic of Kazakhstan, its distribution into categories according to intended purpose and natural and agricultural zones. General characteristics of environmental problems of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Technogenic disturbance of soils in the Republic of Kazakhstan. Soil pollution in the Republic of Kazakhstan. Problems of degradation and desertification, soil dehumification, erosion-deflation processes

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Slide No. 10

Slide text: Ecological situation and public health. Population health (medical, socio-economic, environmental position) and its condition when the environment changes. The relationship between indicators of environmental pollution and deterioration in public health. The impact of atmospheric air pollution on public health. The influence of the quality and level of water supply on public health. The impact of desertification on public health. The influence of sources of radioactive contamination on public health. Priority measures to control and reduce risks from environmental pollution. System of state management of environmental protection. State policy and priorities in the field of environmental protection. Executive bodies involved in environmental management, their tasks, functions and rights. Goals of state policy in the field of environmental protection and rational use of natural resources. Main directions of policy for stabilizing environmental quality. The main directions of the National Strategy of the Republic of Kazakhstan and the action plan for the conservation and balanced use of biodiversity. Participation of the Republic of Kazakhstan in international environmental processes. Priorities in the field of the environment, their tasks.

Slide No. 11

Slide text: Thank you for your attention! L/O/G/O

Kazakhstan has a very vulnerable natural environment. The territory of the republic is mainly composed of steppes, semi-deserts and deserts, etc. As a result of anthropogenic loads, the natural ability to natural environment secure the future economic and social development countries

In Kazakhstan there are unique inland seas and lakes, such as the Caspian, Aral, Balkhash, Zaisan, Alakol. Before the eyes of one generation, the area of ​​the Aral Sea has almost halved. The intensive and irrational development of irrigated agriculture, as well as the regulation of flow in an arid climate, has led to water shortages in the basins of small and large rivers in the southern region, such as the Ili, Syrdarya, etc. The intensive and irrational development of irrigated agriculture, as well as the regulation of flow in an arid climate climate has led to water shortages in the basins of small and large rivers in the southern region, such as the Ili, Syrdarya, etc.

A similar fate awaits Lake Balkhash. With the republic's water requirement of 100 km3 per year, the existing supply is 34.6 km3. In terms of water availability per capita, Kazakhstan ranks last among the CIS countries. A similar fate awaits Lake Balkhash. With the republic's water requirement of 100 km3 per year, the existing supply is 34.6 km3. In terms of water availability per capita, Kazakhstan ranks last among the CIS countries.

Ecological disaster threatens Aktau and the Caspian Sea. The plants of the industrial giant Pri-Caspian Mining and Metallurgical Combine (PGMK) dumped waste water into a basin located just a few kilometers from the city of Aktau, where the artificial lake Koshkar-Ata was formed. These plants were mainly involved in uranium enrichment. Over time, almost all the elements of the periodic table accumulated in the Koshkar-Ata reservoir. Including radioactive and toxic. Lake Koshkar-Ata and the Caspian Sea are separated from each other by a narrow coastal strip, no more than 8 km long, so there is a danger of polluting the Caspian Sea with the waters of the Koshkar-Ata tailings pond. An environmental disaster threatens Aktau and the Caspian Sea. The factories of the industrial giant Pri-Caspian Mining and Metallurgical Combine (PMMC) discharged wastewater into a basin located just a few kilometers from the city of Aktau, where the artificial lake Koshkar-Ata was formed. These plants were mainly involved in uranium enrichment. Over time, almost all the elements of the periodic table accumulated in the Koshkar-Ata reservoir. Including radioactive and toxic. Lake Koshkar-Ata and the Caspian Sea are separated from each other by a narrow coastal strip, no more than 8 km long, so there is a danger of polluting the Caspian Sea with the waters of the Koshkar-Ata tailings pond.

But in addition to toxic and radioactive substances groundwater, there is another problem associated with the Koshkar-Ata tailings dump. At the moment, the lake is drying up because the factories of the former PGMK are idle and do not discharge water. Toxic dust forms on the dry shores of the lake, which the wind carries around. Environmentalists in Mangistau face a difficult problem. If the lake's water level is maintained at the same level, toxic waste may be discharged into the Caspian Sea. If the lake is allowed to dry out, then all the lands and pastures around Aktau and the village of Akshukur will be contaminated with dust. But in addition to the contamination of groundwater with toxic and radioactive substances, there is another problem associated with the Koshkar-Ata tailings dump. At the moment, the lake is drying up because the factories of the former PGMK are idle and do not discharge water. Toxic dust forms on the dry shores of the lake, which the wind carries around. Environmentalists in Mangistau face a difficult problem. If the lake's water level is maintained at the same level, toxic waste may be discharged into the Caspian Sea. If the lake is allowed to dry out, then all the lands and pastures around Aktau and the village of Akshukur will be contaminated with dust.

Most enterprises in the processing and energy complexes have imperfect technology, morally and physically worn-out main production assets, which contributes to an increase in the amount of harmful emissions. In the early 90s, about 6 million tons of pollution were released into the atmosphere annually (50% from heat and power engineering, 20% from ferrous metallurgy, 13% from non-ferrous metallurgy, 4% from chemistry and petrochemistry). Most zones of high air pollution coincide with places of concentrated human settlement. In the Karaganda and Pavlodar regions, each resident in 1993 accounted for 10.5 and 7.7 tons of harmful emissions, respectively. Most enterprises in the processing and energy complexes have imperfect technology, morally and physically worn-out main production assets, which contributes to an increase in the amount of harmful emissions. In the early 90s, about 6 million tons of pollution were released into the atmosphere annually (50% from heat and power engineering, 20% from ferrous metallurgy, 13% from non-ferrous metallurgy, 4% from chemistry and petrochemistry). Most zones of high air pollution coincide with places of concentrated human settlement. In the Karaganda and Pavlodar regions, each resident in 1993 accounted for 10.5 and 7.7 tons of harmful emissions, respectively

As a result of the activities of mining and metallurgical enterprises, more than 20 billion tons of industrial waste have accumulated on the territory of Kazakhstan, with an annual intake of about 1 billion tons, including 230 million tons of radioactive waste. They are concentrated mainly in Karaganda - 29.4%, East Kazakhstan - 25.7%, Kostanay - 17% and Pavlodar - 14.6% regions. The lands of Kyzylorda, Atyrau and West Kazakhstan regions are also contaminated with heavy metals and oil products. Here, the volumes of abandoned and buried drill cuttings, oil-contaminated and low-radioactive waters, and the area of ​​disturbed lands are difficult to estimate. As a result of the activities of mining and metallurgical enterprises, more than 20 billion tons of industrial waste have accumulated on the territory of Kazakhstan, with an annual intake of about 1 billion tons, including 230 million tons of radioactive waste. They are concentrated mainly in Karaganda - 29.4%, East Kazakhstan - 25.7%, Kostanay - 17% and Pavlodar - 14.6% regions. The lands of Kyzylorda, Atyrau and West Kazakhstan regions are also contaminated with heavy metals and oil products. Here, the volumes of abandoned and buried drill cuttings, oil-contaminated and low-radioactive waters, and the area of ​​disturbed lands are difficult to estimate.

The oil and gas industry ranks first among industries in terms of investment volumes. Despite this, in the main areas of oil and gas production and oil refining - Atyrau and Mangistau regions - work is carried out using backward technologies and outdated equipment, which leads to accidents and oil leaks. As a result, the total area of ​​oil pollution in Western Kazakhstan is 194 thousand hectares, and the volume of spilled oil is more than 5 million tons. The oil and gas industry ranks first among industries in terms of investment volumes. Despite this, in the main areas of oil and gas production and oil refining - Atyrau and Mangistau regions - work is carried out using backward technologies and outdated equipment, which leads to accidents and oil leaks. As a result, the total area of ​​oil pollution in Western Kazakhstan is 194 thousand hectares, and the volume of spilled oil is more than 5 million tons.

The practice of flaring associated gas also causes significant environmental and economic damage. The increased thermal background and acidification of environmental components around the fields during gas combustion have a negative impact on the soil, vegetation, and fauna of the areas adjacent to the oil complexes, making their “contribution” to the increase in the greenhouse effect. Irreversible gas losses amount to more than 740 million m3 per year . The dependence of the increased morbidity of the population in the area of ​​the Tengiz oil and gas field (more than 6 times higher than regional indicators) on atmospheric air pollution with sulfur and nitrogen dioxides was noted. The practice of flaring associated gas also causes significant environmental and economic damage. The increased thermal background and acidification of environmental components around the fields during gas combustion have a negative impact on the soil, vegetation, and fauna of the areas adjacent to the oil complexes, making their “contribution” to the increase in the greenhouse effect. Irreversible gas losses amount to more than 740 million m3 per year . The dependence of the increased morbidity of the population in the area of ​​the Tengiz oil and gas field (more than 6 times higher than regional indicators) on atmospheric air pollution with sulfur and nitrogen dioxides was noted.

As a result of the rising level of the Caspian Sea, more than 200 wells and oil fields were flooded, including the largest - Kalamkas and Karazhanbas, which is a threat not only to biological diversity (90% of the world's sturgeon stocks, a large number of species of avifauna, and the endemic Caspian seal are concentrated in the Caspian Sea ), but also the entire ecosystem of the Caspian Sea. Over the past 10 years, the catch of commercial fish has decreased 10 times. As a result of the rising level of the Caspian Sea, more than 200 wells and oil fields were flooded, including the largest - Kalamkas and Karazhanbas, which is a threat not only to biological diversity (90% of the world's sturgeon stocks, a large number of species of avifauna, and the endemic Caspian seal are concentrated in the Caspian Sea ), but also the entire ecosystem of the Caspian Sea. Over the past 10 years, the catch of commercial fish has decreased 10 times.

Vast territories of Kazakhstan have suffered from the activities of military training grounds and space technology launches. Between 1949 and 1991, 470 tests were carried out at the Semipalatinsk nuclear test site. nuclear explosions. It is impossible to accurately count the number of deaths; the number of irradiated people reached half a million people. On the territory of the former Semipalatinsk nuclear test site, about 2 million hectares of agricultural land are subject to radioactive contamination. Vast territories of Kazakhstan have suffered from the activities of military training grounds and space technology launches. Between 1949 and 1991, 470 nuclear explosions were carried out at the Semipalatinsk nuclear test site. It is impossible to accurately count the number of deaths; the number of irradiated people reached half a million people. On the territory of the former Semipalatinsk nuclear test site, about 2 million hectares of agricultural land are subject to radioactive contamination.