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5. Culture and spiritual sphere.

I. Culture (from lat. - "culture" - "cultivation, education")

Culture Traits : functionality, quality, value, normativity, creativity (creativity).

Broadly speaking, culture- all types of transformative activity of a person and society, as well as its results.

In a general sense, culture- a set of achievements of people in the material and spiritual spheres.

material culture- is created in the process of material production (buildings, equipment, tools).

Spiritual culture -includes the process of spiritual creativity and created spiritual values ​​in the form of works of art, scientific discoveries, religion.

Structure of culture:

form - the embodiment of cultural achievements content - Significance for the individual and society.

Culture Functions:cognitive, informative, communicative, normative, humanistic.

Types of crops: dominant (dominant) elite (for the elite), mass (for the majority, commercial, through the media), folk (on traditions, folklore, anonymous), donor (from which elements are borrowed), recipient (which borrows elements from another culture), dead (outdated content).

Subculture - the culture of social groups.

Counterculture - a subculture that is hostile to the dominant one.

Terms:

Accumulation of culture – replenishment of culture with new elements, knowledge.

cultural transmission- transmission of culture through education.

cultural diffusion- Interpenetration of cultures.

Culture acculturation- the process of mutual influence of two or more cultures.

Assimilation of culture- the absorption of a small culture by a larger one.

Culture adaptationadaptation of cultures to each other.

II. Spiritual realm.

The structure of the spiritual realm:

1. Spiritual needs- the need of society and man in the creation and development of spiritual values. Spiritual needs are not set biologically, from birth. Formed in the process of socialization.

2. Spiritual activity (production)- the activity of people to create spiritual values.

Types of spiritual activity:

1. Cognitive - scientific, religious, artistic

2. Value-oriented - attitude to the phenomena of reality

3. Prognostic - foreseeing and planning changes in reality

3. Spiritual values ​​(goods) -what is created in the process of spiritual production:works of art, teachings, scientific discoveries, etc.

Types of spiritual production: religion, morality, art, science.

Religion.

Religion - a form of social consciousness and worldview based on the belief in the existence of a supernatural principle.

Elements: faith, doctrine, religious activity, religious institutions.

Functions : worldview, compensatory, communicative, regulatory, educational.

Religions:

World: Buddhism, Christianity, Islam (large following, outside the nation)

National: Confucianism (China), Taoism (China), Judaism (Israel), Shintoism (Japan), Zoroastrianism (Iran).

Atheism - denial of the existence of God

Confessional- church, denomination - religion

Morality.

Moral - a form of social consciousness that reflects ideas about good and evil, justice and injustice and the type of social relations, a set of norms of people's behavior towards each other.

Moral functions: regulatory, educational, communicative, cognitive, worldview.

The fulfillment of moral norms is sanctioned by the norms of spiritual influence (evaluation, approval, condemnation).

Art.

Art - a form of social consciousness and a type of human activity, which is a reflection of the surrounding realityin artistic images.

Art is the core of aesthetic culture.

Theories about the origin of art: game (G. Spencer), labor (G. Plekhanov), biological(Ch. Darwin), magical.

Art Functions:aesthetic, cognitive, creative, cleansing, communicative, educational, compensatory, hedonistic (pleasure function).

Kinds of art : literature, architecture, music, cinema, theater, painting, graphics, arts and crafts, dance, sculpture, photography.

Art features:is figurative, visual; the presence of specific ways of reproduction, the huge role of imagination, fantasy.

The science.

The science - the sphere of people's cognitive activity, the system of objectively true knowledge about natural and social reality, about man.

Elements of science Keywords: scientific knowledge, scientific activity, scientific self-consciousness.

Models for the development of science:

1. Gradual development

2. Through scientific revolutions.Scientific revolution -the process of a radical, qualitative change in the dominant system of ideas and theories (paradigm), which serves as a standard of thinking in a particular historical period.

Functions of Science : cognitive, ideological, prognostic.

Functions of modern science: productive, social, cultural and ideological.

Science classification:

natural technical public (humanitarian)

Education.

Education - purposeful cognitive activity to acquire knowledge, skills and abilities and improve them.

self-educationis the process of acquiring knowledge on one's own.

Functions of education: economic, social, cultural, conservation and transfer of cultural heritage.

Education in the Russian Federation:

preschool general professional additional

Features of modern education:integration of knowledge areas, development of continuous education, informatization (computerization), development distance education(via the Internet), humanization (attention to the individual), humanitarization (increased attention to the social sciences, internationalization (creation of a single system for different countries).

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1. Society.

Social SciencesKeywords: economics, philosophy, sociology, political science, ethics (about morality), aesthetics (about beauty).

Society:

In a narrow sense: A group of people connected by common interests and goals.

In a broad sense: Separated from nature, but closely connected with it, part of the material world, including all ways of interaction between people and forms of their unification.

Society and nature interact and influence each other. economic interaction - consumption of natural resources, ecological - protection of natural resources.

Noosphere (V. Vernadsky ) is the habitat (biosphere) controlled by the human mind.

Society - dynamic system.

Systemic qualities of society:integrity, dynamism, historicity, openness, hierarchy.

There are 4 spheres (subsystems) in the structure of society:

1. Economic - material production and industrial relations.

2. Political - politics, state, law, their relations and functioning, mass media, army.

3. Social - relations between classes, groups, nations, etc.

4. Spiritual - forms of social consciousness: religion, morality, science, art.

The spheres interact and are interconnected.

Public relations- relations and forms that arise in the process of life between social groups, classes, nations, as well as within them.

Public relations

Spiritual Material

The most important component of societysocial institution -a historically established form of organizing people, based on a set of norms and statuses that regulates their activities and satisfies fundamental human needs.

Social institutions: property, state, political parties, family, church, labor organizations, educational and upbringing institutions, science, mass media, etc.

Types of societies (according to Daniel Bell, Alvin Toffler)

Types of societies (according to O. Toffler)

social change- the transition of social systems, communities, organizations from one state to another (natural, demographic, social, spiritual changes, etc.).

Directed Development

progress stagnation regression

Progress criterion – the degree of freedom that society gives a person for its optimal development. Progress is controversial (both positive and negative processes)

Progress Forms:revolution and reform. Evolution - gradual development.

Scientific and technological progress (NTP) -a qualitative change in the productive forces of society under the influence of the scientific and technological revolution.

Scientific and technological revolution (NTR)- a leap in the development of the productive forces of society on the basis of fundamental changes in the system of scientific knowledge.

historical process- the chronological sequence of events that influence the development of society.Subjects of the historical process: individuals, social groups, masses.historical factis a social event.

Civilization - the totality of material, spiritual and moral means possessed by a given society in a given historical period.

The term was put forward by N. Danilevsky, called civilizationscultural and historical types.Civilizations were distinguished by 4 features: economic, cultural, political, religious. To characterize civilizations, the concept of mentality is also singled out.

mentality - way of thinking, worldview inherent in a certain group, individual

Two theories: the theory of stage development (study development as single process ) and the theory of local civilizations(study large historically established communities).

Approaches to the study of the historical process:

Formative approach (K. Marx)	Civilization approach (A. Toynbee)	Cultural approach (O. Spengler)
The basis of the transition from one formation to another.Socio-economic formations:primitive communal, slaveholding, feudal, capitalist, communist. There are two main components in the socio-economic formation - the basis and the superstructure. Basis - the economy of society, the components of which areproductive forces And relations of production(method of production of material goods). Superstructure - state, political, public institutions. Changes in the economic basis lead to the transition from one socio-economic formation to another. Plays a big roleclass struggle.	Civilizations - stable communities of people united by spiritual traditions, a similar way of life, geographical, historical boundaries.At the heart of the change of civilizations. The development of the whole story is built according to the "challenge - response" scheme. Each civilization in its destiny goes through four stages: origin; height; break; disintegration, culminating in death and the complete disappearance of civilization.	The central concept of this approach is culture. Culture is the totality of religion, traditions, material and spiritual life. Culture is born, lives and dies. Civilization within the cultural approach -the highest level of cultural development,the final period of the development of culture, preceding its death.

Global problems of our time -a complex of social and natural contradictions affecting the whole world as a whole. I are an indicator of the integrity and interconnectedness of the modern world, pose a threat to humanity, and require joint efforts to solve them.

Main problems:

1. Environmental: pollution, extinction of species, "ozone holes", etc.

The term "Ecology" was introduced E. Haeckel.

2. Demographic;

3. The problem of security and prevention of world war;

4. The problem of resources;

5. North-South problem: developing and highly developed countries.

Globalization - Strengthening integration ties in various fields between states, organizations, communities.

International organizations:UN (United Nations); IAEA (International Atomic Energy Agency); UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization); WIPO (World Intellectual Property Organization); WTO (World Trade Organization); NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization); OSCE (Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe); European Union; OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Producing and Exporting Countries); CIS (Commonwealth of Independent States); SCO (Shanghai Cooperation Organization) and others.

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3. Cognition.

Cognition is a process of acquiring knowledge.

Knowledge - an objective reality given in the human mind. Knowledge is the result of cognitive activity.

Subject of knowledge- the one who knows. Object of knowledge - that to which knowledge is directed.

Epistemology - the science of knowledge.

Gnosticism (gnostics)- they believe that the world is cognizable (Plato, Socrates, K. Marx, G. Hegel).

Agnosticism (agnostics)- the world is cognizable within limited limits or unknowable (I. Kant).

Types of cognition: sensual and rational.

Forms of sensory cognition:

Feeling - a reflection of individual properties and qualities of objects and phenomena that arise when exposed to the senses.

Perception - a holistic sensual image of an object, phenomenon.

Performance - a sensual image of an object or phenomenon that arises with the help of memory without direct contact with the object.

Forms of rational knowledge:

Concept - a form of thinking in which the general and essential properties of an object are fixed.

Judgment - a form of thinking in which something is affirmed or denied.

Inference -a form of thinking in which new judgments are derived from existing judgments.

Two theories on types of cognition:

1. Empiricism (empiricists)- recognize sensory experience as a source of knowledge (T. Hobbes, D. Locke).

2. Rationalism (rationalists)– knowledge can be obtained with the help of reason (R. Descartes, I. Kant)

Intuition - a kind of cognition outside the process of sensory familiarization and without deliberation.

Features: suddenness, thoughtlessness, secrecy of the mechanism.

The purpose of knowledge is to obtain the truth.

Truth - knowledge corresponding to reflected reality.Truth is objective in content and subjective in form.

absolute truth- complete, exhaustive knowledge, not refuted by the further development of science.

Relative truth- incomplete, inaccurate knowledge, refuted by the further development of science.

Criterion of truth - a way to distinguish between true and untrue in the totality of knowledge.

The main criterion of truth is practice.

The antipodes of truth are lies, disinformation, delusion.

Lie - the deliberate erection of deliberately incorrect ideas into the truth.

Disinformation - transmission false knowledge as true or true as false.

Delusion - unintentional inconsistency of judgments or concepts with an object.

Types of knowledge.

I. Non-scientific knowledge:

Ordinary (everyday)

Practical (folk wisdom)

religious

mythological

Artistic (by means of art).

II. Scientific knowledge -knowledge aimed at obtaining objective knowledge. Target - description, explanation, prediction of the phenomena of reality. Signs: objectivity, consistency, validity, reliability, a special language, the need for special devices and specialists.

2 levels of scientific knowledge: empirical and theoretical.

Empirical level:

Observation - purposeful perception of the phenomena of objective reality.

Description - fixation by means of a natural or artificial language of information about an object.

Measurement - comparison of an object by some similar properties or sides.

Experiment - observation in specially created and controlled conditions, which allows you to restore the course of the phenomenon when the conditions are repeated.

Theoretical level:

Hypothesis - assumptions put forward in the course of scientific research.

Theory - a system of interrelated statements.

Law - conclusions about significant, recurring relationships between phenomena.

Scientific methods:

1. General : dialectic (dialectical studies phenomena in motion) and metaphysics (metaphysical studies phenomena at rest).

2. General scientific: Analysis is the real or mental division of an object into its component parts. Synthesis is the combination of constituent parts into a single whole. Induction - the movement of thought from the individual to the general. Deduction is the ascent of the process of cognition from the general to the individual. Analogy (correspondence, similarity) - the establishment of similarities in some aspects, properties and relationships between non-identical objects.

3. Private scientific: questioning, examination, interviewing, graphic method.

III. social cognition -knowledge aimed at studying the nature of social ties, social groups, the social structure of society.

Peculiarity - the subject and object of knowledge coincide, the knowledge obtained is always associated with the interests of individuals, the subjectivity of conclusions and assessments.

Target: identification of historical patterns of development of society, social forecasting.

Methods: content analysis (analysis of statistical data, documents), survey, observation, experiment.

IV. Self-knowledge - self-knowledge, self-esteem, the creation of a "I-concept" - the image of I.

Feature - the object is the subject itself.

Purpose: knowledge of one's physical, mental, spiritual capabilities, one's place among other people.

Self-knowledge is accomplished:

1. In the analysis of the results of their own activities, their behavior, relationships with others.

2. Awareness of the attitude of others towards oneself (qualities of one's personality, character traits), through the opinions of others

people and relating to others.

3. Self-observation of one's states, experiences, thoughts.

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2. Man.

Human	Individual	Individuality	Personality
The highest level of living organisms on earth, the subject of socio-historical activity and culture	The only representative of the human race	Unique, original features and qualities inherent in a person (biological, psychological, social)	A set of socially significant features that characterize a person as a member of a given society, a person as a subject of relations and conscious activity

Origin theories:religious, evolutionary(C.Darwin), Marxist (labor made man)

biosocial problem- the problem of the relationship between the biological and the social in man.

At the time of birth, a person is an individual. Personality becomes in the process of socialization.

Socialization - the process of assimilation by a person of social experience, forms of behavior acceptable for a given society.

Primary socialization: agents (relatives, teachers) and institutions of socialization (family, school).

Secondary socialization: agents (colleagues, teachers, officials) and institutions (universities, army, church).

Desocialization -the process of moving away from old values, norms, rules, roles.

Resocialization - the process of learning new values, norms, rules, roles.

Freedom of the individual- the ability to create oneself and the world of other people, to make choices, to be responsible. "Freedom is a recognized necessity" - G. Hegel.

Interpersonal relationships -relationships between different individuals on different grounds.

Interpersonal relationships

Personal worldview- a set of principles, views, beliefs and attitudes towards objective reality and a person's place in it.

Worldview:

mundane, religious, mythological, scientific, philosophical, humanistic.

Activity - human activity aimed at changing and transforming the world around us and ourselves. Subject - the one who carries out the activity. An object - what the activity is aimed at.

Activity structure:

Motive - goal - means - action - result.

Motive - a material or ideal object that prompts action.

Target - a conscious image of the expected result.

Activities:

1. According to the content: work, play, communication, study.

Work - a type of human activity aimed at achieving a practically useful result.

Communication- the process of interaction between people, which consists in perception and understanding and in the exchange of information (communication)

2. By direction: spiritual , practical , creative , managerial .

Creation - an activity that generates something new that has never existed before.

Heuristic is the science that studies creativity.

human needs- experienced or perceived need for something.

Needs:

biological, social, ideal.

Needs according to A. Maslow.

1.Physiological, 2.Existential, 3. Social, 4. Prestigious, 5. Spiritual

Primary, congenital Secondary, acquired

The needs of each level become urgent when the previous ones are satisfied.

Interest - a conscious need that characterizes the attitude of people to objects and phenomena that have important social development for them. Interests are incentives for various activities.

Capabilities - individual characteristics of a person, on which the success of various activities depends.

Abilities are biologically based.

Talent - a set of abilities that allows you to get a product of activity that is distinguished by novelty and significance.

Genius - the highest stage of talent development, which allows to make fundamental changes in a particular field of activity.

Genius is a cultural phenomenon of human nature.

"Conscious" and "Unconscious"- these are correlative concepts expressing the features of the work of the human psyche. A person thinks about situations and makes decisions. Such actions are called conscious . However, often a person acts thoughtlessly, and sometimes he himself cannot understand why he did so.Unconsciousactions suggest that a person acts on an inner impulse, without any analysis of the situation, without clarifying the possible consequences. ( Z. Freud).

Being - something that exists, existing in general (being studies the section of philosophy ontology).

Forms of being : material being, spiritual being, human being, social being.

Spiritual world of man(microcosm) - a complex system of the inner world of a person, the elements of which are spiritual needs, thoughts, feelings, worldview, emotions, values, etc.

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4. Social sphere

Sociology - the science of the laws, formation, functioning, development of society and social relations.(O.Kont).

The structure of the social sphere includes:

I. Social connections -dependence of social groups and people on each other (there are formal and informal).Social connections:

1. Social contacts -unstable connections arising on specific occasions (for example, subway passengers).

2. Social interactions- stable, regular connections based on joint activities (for example, colleagues at work).

3. Social relationships- ultra-stable, self-renewing connections that are systemic in nature (for example, friends).

II. Social groups -communities of individuals united on some basis.(T. Hobbes).

Signs:

number: small groups (differ in direct contact and informal communication), medium, large

demographic:gender, age, education, marital status

settlement criterion:townspeople, villagers

confessional:Catholics, Orthodox, Muslims

by ethnicity, professional etc.

III. Social communities-groups capable of self-reproduction.

Ethnosocial communities: clan (tribe), nationality, nation.

Genus - association of people on the basis of kinship ties, tribe - union of clans nationalities - associations of people on the basis of territorial and linguistic characteristics, nation - large groups of people united by economic space, language, culture, traditions, national identity.

IV. Social institution -see chapter Society.The main social institution is the family.

Function family as a social institution: childbirth.The family is also a small group. Family functions: educational, socialization, leisure, creating a sense of security, economic and economic. Family: matriarchal, patriarchal, partnership.Nuclear family- consisting of 2 generations.

V. Social culture- social norms and social values ​​on the basis of which social relations are formed.

VI. social values- the goals that people in society aspire to.Core Values– vital to society (health, well-being, family, etc.)

VII. social norms- rules of social behavior.

social norms(there are written and unwritten):

Moral norms, ethical norms, norms of traditions and customs, religious norms, political norms, legal norms.

Functions of social norms:regulating, unifying, educational.

Conformist behavior -in line with accepted standards.

Behavior that does not conform to social norms deviant.

Deviant Behavior:

Deviant behavior -violation that does not comply with the rules.

Deviation can be positive (heroes) and negative (drug addicts, murderers)

Delinquent behavior -committing crimes.

Compliance is ensured by the use sanctions - the reaction of society to the behavior of an individual or group. Function of sanctions - social control.

Sanctions:

positive (rewarding) and negative (punishing)

Official and unofficial.

social stratification

Social stratification (differentiation) -stratification and hierarchical organization of society.(P. Sorokin).

Differentiation criteria: income(economic), amount of power (political), education (type of activity.), also distinguish prestige - society's assessment of the social significance of a person's status. Prestige depends on the real usefulness of the activity and the value system of society.

Social layers:

castes - strictly closed layers of traditional societies.

Estates - groups of people with different rights and responsibilities.

Classes - social groups distinguished by the way they participate in social production and distribution, their place in the social division of labor.

strata - informal groups with a relatively equal social status, the criteria of which are income, access to political power, education.

Status

Status - a position in the social structure of society, associated with other positions through a system of rights and obligations.

personal status - the position that an individual occupies in a small group

social status- the position of the individual in the social group.

status set - a set of statuses of one person.

Prescribed (born) status: gender, age, nationality, kinship

Acquired (achieved) status: profession, education, position, marital status, religion.

social role - some pattern of behavior recognized for people of a certain status.

social mobility

social mobility(P. Sorokin ) - the transition of an individual or group from one position in the hierarchy of social stratification to another.

social mobility: horizontal -within one layer and vertical – transition from one layer to another. Vertical mobility can bedescending and ascending.

Channels of social mobility ("social lifts") -education, army, schools, family, property.

Marginal - an individual who has lost his former social status, unable to adapt to a new social environment (“on the edge”).

Marginality - the intermediate position of the individual between social groups, associated with his movements in the social space.

Lumpens - people who have sunk "to the bottom" of public life.

social conflict.

social conflict(G. Spencer ) - a clash of opposing interests, goals, views, ideologies between individuals, groups, classes in society.

Structure of the conflict: conflict situation--incident--active actions--completion

Types of behavior in conflict: adaptation, compromise, cooperation, ignoring, rivalry.Most scholars consider conflict to be a natural, progressive phenomenon.

Conflict types:internal, external, global, local, economic, political, family, national.

National conflictsassociated with exacerbationthe national questionabout the self-determination of peoples and overcoming ethnic inequality, as well as trends in the modern world.

Two trends in the modern world:

1. International - integration, rapprochement of nations.

2. National - differentiation, the desire for independence.

Social policy of the state- purposeful activity of the state to improve the social sphere of society. Directions: 1. improvement of the social structure of society, 2. regulation of relationships between different layers, 3. development of human potential (programs for the development of education, pensions, health care, ecology).

Social politics: active - direct influence of the state (sometimes centralized and decentralized) and passive - mediated by economic factors

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8. Right

Right

1. A system of rules and norms of behavior established and protected by the state.

2. The ability to do something, carry out, have (the right to work, education).

Signs of law (and rules of law):normativity, obligation, general character, formal certainty.

Theories of the origin of law: the theory of natural law (T. Hobbes), the liberal tradition (first the law - then the state), the statist tradition (first the state - then the law), Marxist, sociological. Statism - the theory that state the highest result and goal of social development

Functions of law - regulatory, educational, protective.

Legal culture:legal knowledge, attitude to law, law enforcement.

Differences between law and morality:

Source (form) of law- specific types of social phenomena that form the law and the result of state lawmaking.Sources (forms) of law:

1. Legal custom- patterns of behavior that have taken root in society as a result of their repetition, which have turned into rules of conduct.

2. Judicial practice.

3. Legal (judicial) precedent- a legal decision made earlier in a specific legal case and served as an example for subsequent decisions.

4. Normative contract- an agreement between the parties containing the rules of law

5. Legal act- an act of law-making by public authorities, establishing or repealing the rules of law.

Legal act: laws and regulations.

I. Laws - regulatory legal acts adopted by the highest legislative body of the state (or by referendum), fixing the most significant social relations. There areFederal Laws And Laws of the subjects of the Federation.

Laws are divided into:

1. Constitutional laws(1. Constitutions, 2. Laws amending the Constitution.

3. Laws provided by the Constitution).

2. Ordinary laws– normative-legal acts of the current legislation. They are current (valid for a specified period) andcodified(codes of laws - codes).

II. Regulations– normative-legal acts specifying the provisions of laws. - Decrees, resolutions, decrees.

Legal system (family) - association of states on the basis of legal regulation.

1. Romano-Germanic- the main source is a legal act. (Russia).

2. Anglo-Saxon– main source – legal precedent

3. Muslim - the main source is the legal custom.

The right is shared to private lawserves private interests (family, civil) andpublic law(constitutional, criminal).

Realization of the right – implementation of the law.Forms of realization of the right:

1. Exercise of the right -use of rights

2. Exercise of law- performance of duties

3. Respect for the law- not a breach of law

4. Application of law- carried out with the help of officials.

Law system - a set of interconnected norms, institutions and branches of law.

System elements -1. Legal regulation(rule of law) is a unit of the system.2. Institute of Law- a small group of rights governing one type of relationship. (For example, the institution of gift in civil law, the institution of marriage in family law). 3. Branch of law - a set of homogeneous legal norms.

Rule of law - the main element of the legal system, the rule of conduct established and protected by the state.

The structure of the rule of law:

1. Hypothesis - part of the norm, indicating the conditions for the emergence of rights and obligations.

2. Disposition - part of the norm, indicating the content of the norm

3. Sanction - part of the norm, indicating the legal consequences of the violation.

Types of rules of law

1. By function: regulatory (establish rights and obligations) and protective (measures against violators)

2. By industry:family, civil, etc.

3. By content:1. binding norms(What do we have to do)2. norms prohibiting(what not to do)3. norms authorizing(what can be done).

Branches of law.

1. Constitutional (state) law -regulates socially significant public relations, the structure of the state.

2. Family law- Regulates issues of marriage and family relations, kinship.

3. Civil law- regulates property and related non-property relations.

4. Administrative law- regulates public relations in the field of management, is associated with the activities of the executive branch.

5. Labor law- regulates the relationship between the employee and the employer

6. Criminal lawregulates relations connected with the commission of criminal acts.

legal relationship– types of social relations regulated by the rule of law.

To become participants in legal relations, legal entities and individuals (subjects of public relations) must have legal capacity and capacity.

Legal capacity -the ability of subjects of legal relations to have legal rights and bear obligations. Comes from birth and ends with death.

legal capacity- the ability of subjects of legal relations to independently exercise their rights and obligations.1. Complete- from the age of 18.2. Partial- (in criminal cases from the age of 16, for some crimes from the age of 14, in the family from the age of 16, in the civil - from the age of 14, in the administrative - from the age of 16)3. Limited- by the court.

legal fact- living conditions in connection with which legal relations arise.

legal facts- 1. Law-formers. 2. Changers. 3. Terminators.

Legal Facts:1. Events(do not depend on the will of people), 2. Actions(depending on the will of the people).

Actionsthere arelegitimateAndillegal(offences).

Offenses- acts that are contrary to the prescriptions of legal norms are expressed asaction, andinaction.

Offensesare divided intomisdeedsAndcrimes.

Misdemeanors (torts) and legal liability.

1. Administrative(in the field of state and local regulation) –administrative responsibility (warning, fine, deprivation of rights, confiscation of the object, corrective labor, administrative arrest)

2 . Disciplinary(in the field of service relations) -disciplinary responsibility(remark, reprimand, dismissal),material liability(damage)

3. Civil(in the field of property and non-property relations) – civil liability.

crimes– socially dangerous illegal acts causing special harm or threat. Comingcriminal responsibility.

Signs of an offense:guilt, wrongfulness, public danger.

The legal structure of the offense:

1. The object of the offense -what the action is directed at.2. The subject of the offense -who committed

3. The objective side of the offense- a characteristic that includes signs of illegality, public danger, socially dangerous consequences.

4. Subjective side of the offense- internal characteristics of the offense (motive and purpose).

5. Motive of the offense- a conscious urge to do something.

6. Purpose of the offense- the mental result to which the subject aspired.

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What does social science study?

The object of study of social science issociety.Society is a very complex system that obeys various laws. Naturally, there is no one science that could cover all aspects of society, so several sciences study it. Each science studies any one side of the development of society: the economy, social relations, development paths, and others.

Social science -a generalizing name for the sciences that study society as a whole and social processes.

Every science hasobject and subject.

Object of science -phenomenon of objective reality, which is studied by science.

The subject of science -A person, a group of persons, cognizing an object.

The sciences are divided into three groups.

Science:

Society is studied by social sciences (humanities).

The main difference between the social sciences and the humanities:

Social (humanitarian) sciences that study society and man:

archeology, economics, history, cultural studies, linguistics, political science, psychology, sociology, law, ethnography, philosophy, ethics, aesthetics.

Archeology- a science that studies the past according to material sources.

Economy- the science of the economic activity of society.

Story- the science of the past of mankind.

Culturology- a science that studies the culture of society.

Linguistics- the science of language.

Political science- the science of politics, society, the relationship between people, society and the state.

Psychology- the science of the development and functioning of the human psyche.

Sociology- the science of the laws of formation and development of social systems, groups, individuals.

Right -a set of laws and rules of conduct in society.

Ethnography- a science that studies the life, culture of peoples and nations.

Philosophy- the science of the universal laws of the development of society.

Ethics- the science of morality.

Aesthetics -the science of beauty.

Sciences study societiesnarrow and broad sense.

Society in the narrow sense:

1. The entire population of the Earth, the totality of all peoples.

2. The historical stage in the development of mankind (feudal society, slave-owning society).

3. Country, state (French society, Russian society).

4. Association of people for any purpose (club of animal lovers, society of soldiers

mothers).

5. A circle of people united by a common position, origin, interests (high society).

6. Ways of interaction between the authorities and the population of the country (democratic society, totalitarian society)

Society in the broadest sense -part of the material world, isolated from nature, but closely connected with it, which includes the ways of interaction between people and the forms of their unification. Policy: micro level, macro level (state level), mega level (between states).

Politic system- a set of elements in which political power is realized.

The type of political system determines the political and legal regime: democratic, totalitarian, authoritarian.

Elements of the political system (spheres or subsystems):

1. Institutional:state, parties, movements (institutions)

2. Communicative- a set of relationships between groups about power

3. Regulatory– rules and regulations

4. Cultural and ideological– ideology, political culture, views, emotions.

Power– the ability to exercise their will, to have an impact.

Power structure:

1. Subjects of power– state, political leaders, parties

2. Objects of power- individuals, groups, masses

3. Foundations of power- legal, economic, power, social, information

4 . Power resources- coercion, persuasion, law, tradition, fear, encouragement, myths

5. Functions of power- domination, leadership, regulation, control, management, coordination, organization, mobilization.

Power is legal- legal authoritylegitimate authority- that which is not imposed by force is accepted by the people voluntarily.

Legitimacy or domination of power (M. Weber)

1. Traditional dominance- driven by tradition

2. Legal domination- on the recognition of legal norms

3. Charismatic dominance- based on the authority of the leader.

Political power is divided into:state and public authority.

Theories of the origin of the state:

1. Patriarchal theory - Aristotle2. Religious theory – Thomas Aquinas3. Contract theory – D. Locke, T. Hobbes4. Organic theory – G. Spencer5. Class theory – K. Marx

State- a special organization of power and administration, which has a special apparatus of coercion and is able to give its decrees binding force for the whole country.

Signs of the state

1. The presence of a special public authority

2. The presence of a special control apparatus

3. Territorial organization

4. Taxes

5. Sovereignty of power

6. Monopoly on lawmaking.

State functions – the main, socially significant areas of state activity.

Functions:

1. By objecty: internal and external

2. By content: political, economic, social, cultural and educational, legal, organizational, environmental.

3. By the nature of the impact:protective (ensuring the protection of public relations) and regulatory (development of public relations).

State shape- a set of basic ways of organizing, organizing and exercising state power, expressing its essence.

State forms:

1. Form of government -way of organizing government.

Form of government: 1. Monarchy- power is concentrated in the hands of one head and is inherited.2. RepublicPower is exercised by elected bodies elected for a fixed term.Monarchy:1 . absolute, 2. parliamentary, 3. dualistic.Republic:1. presidential, 2. parliamentary, 3. mixed.

2. Form of government – method of national and administrative-territorial structure.Forms: 1. unitary state, 2. federation, 3. confederation.

3. Political and legal regime – a set of political and legal means and ways of exercising power.Regime: 1. democratic, 2. anti-democratic (1. authoritarian, 2. totalitarian, 3. military).

Democracy – recognition of the principle of equality of all people, active participation of the people in political life.

Signs of democracy:1. recognition of the people as a source of power and sovereignty,2. the existence of rights and freedoms, 3. pluralism, 4. separation of powers(legislative, executive, judicial), 5.publicity. 6. elective power, 7. developed system of local governments.

Forms of democracy: 1. direct (direct), 2 indirect (representative).

Institutions of Direct Democracy: 1. elections, 2. referendum (popular vote).

Electoral system(includes the right to vote, the electoral process and the procedure for recalling deputies) –the procedure for the formation of elected bodies.

Suffrage- principles and conditions for the participation of citizens in elections.Suffrage: 1. active(right to vote)2. passive(the right to be elected).signs: 1. universal, 2. equal, 3. vowel, 4. open.Determination of results takes place on two systems: 1. majoritarian electoral system -The winner is the candidate who receives the most votes.2. proportional electoralsystem - voting on party lists and the distribution of mandates between parties is strictly proportional to the number of votes cast.Mandate- a document certifying the rights of a deputy.

Civil society(G. Hegel)- this is a non-state part of socio-political life, protected from direct state intervention, equality of rights and freedoms of all people;Signs of civil society:1. the presence in society of free owners of the means of production; 2. development and branching of democracy; 3. legal protection of citizens; 4. a certain level of civic culture.

Constitutional state- the state, which in its activities is subject to law.Signs of the rule of law: 1. law supremacy, 2 . observance of rights and freedoms, 3. separation of powers, 4. mutual responsibility of the state and citizens.

Political Party- an institution of the political system, a group of adherents of certain goals, uniting to fight for power.Party features: 1. power struggle, 2. programwith goals and strategy, 3.charter, 4. organizational structure, 5. the presence of governing bodies.

Party types: 1. By methods:revolutionary, reformist. 2. By the nature of membership:personnel, mass3. By ideology: conservative, liberal, social democratic, communist.4. By representation in power: ruling, opposition.5. By the nature of the actions:radical, reactionary, moderate, extremist, conservative.

Political culture (G. Almond, S. Verba) - a set of systems of opinions, positions, values ​​that prevail in a society or group.

Types of political culture:

1. Patriarchal- Orientation of citizens to local values,2. subject- passive attitude of citizens in the political system.3. political culture of participation (activist) - active participation of citizens in political life.Absenteeism- non-participation, avoidance of political life.

Political ideology- system of ideas. Types of ideologies:

1. Conservatism- maintaining order. 2.liberalism- freedom of individuality, entrepreneurship, rights. 3.Socialism- a fair structure of society. 4.anarchism- elimination of the state 5.nationalism- superiority of the nation 6.extremism- Violent methods.

Constitution of Russia– 1918 (first), 1925, 1937, 1978,1993 (12 December). The first in the world1787 - US Constitution.December 10, 1948- "Universal Declaration of Human Rights", 1966 - "International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights" and "International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights".1959 – "Declaration of the Rights of the Child"1989 – "Convention on the Rights of the Child".

Social science. A complete course of preparation for the exam. Shemakhanova I.A.

M.: 2014. - 315 p.

The manual has been prepared in accordance with the mandatory minimum content of basic general and secondary (complete) general education in social science, a codifier of content elements in social science for compiling control measuring materials for the unified state exam and contains all the material necessary for the student to prepare for the exam on his own. Included CD-ROM containing social studies tests in USE format, will allow the student to organize independent work to test your own knowledge. The program automatically checks the correctness of the examination tasks, which allows you to control the level of readiness for the exam. (CD included with print edition only.)

Format: doc

Size: 2 MB

Watch, download: drive.google

CONTENT
Human and society.
Natural and social in man. (Man as a result of biological and socio-cultural evolution).
Worldview, its types and forms.
Types of knowledge.
The concept of truth, its criteria.
Thinking and activity.
needs and interests.
Freedom and necessity in human activity.
System structure of society: elements and subsystems.
The main institutions of society.
The concept of culture. Forms and varieties of culture.
The science. The main features of scientific thinking. Natural and social-humanitarian sciences.
Education.
Religion.
Art.
Morality.
The concept of social progress.
Multivariance of social development (types of societies).
Threats of the 21st century (global problems).
Economy.
Economics and economic science.
Factors of production and factor income.
Economic systems.
Market and market mechanism. Supply and demand.
Fixed and variable costs.
financial institutions. Banking system.
The main sources of business financing.
Securities.
Labor market. Unemployment.
Types, causes and consequences of inflation.
Economic growth and development. The concept of GDP.
The role of the state in the economy.
Taxes.
The state budget.
World economy.
Rational economic behavior of the owner, employee, consumer, family man, citizen.
Social relations.
Social stratification and mobility.
social groups.
Youth as a social group.
ethnic communities.
Interethnic relations, ethno-social conflicts, ways of their resolution.
Constitutional principles (foundations) of national policy in Russian Federation.
social conflict.
Types of social norms.
social control.
Freedom and responsibility.
Deviant behavior and its types.
social role.
Family and marriage.
Policy.
The concept of power.
State, its functions.
Politic system.
Typology of political regimes.
Democracy, its main values ​​and features.
Civil society and the state.
political elite.
Political parties and movements.
Mass media in the political system.
Election campaign in the Russian Federation.
political process.
political participation.
political leadership.
State authorities of the Russian Federation.
The federal structure of Russia.
Right.
Law in the system of social norms.
The system of Russian law. Legislative process.
The concept and types of legal liability.
Constitution of the Russian Federation. Fundamentals of the constitutional system of the Russian Federation.
Legislation of the Russian Federation on elections.
Subjects of civil law.
Organizational and legal forms and legal regime of entrepreneurial activity.
Property and non-property rights.
The procedure for hiring. The procedure for concluding and terminating an employment contract.
Legal regulation of relations between spouses. The procedure and conditions for the conclusion and dissolution of marriage.
Features of administrative jurisdiction.
right to favorable environment and ways to protect it.
International law (international protection of human rights in peacetime and wartime).
Disputes, the order of their consideration.
Basic rules and principles of civil procedure.
Features of the criminal process.
Citizenship of the Russian Federation.
Military duty, alternative civilian service.
Rights and obligations of the taxpayer.
Law enforcement agencies. Judicial system.

Political parties play an active role in the political life of any state. Today they are the second social institution of the political system in terms of influence after the state.

The term "party" was widespread in the ancient world, translated from Latin means "part of something." In the modern sense, political parties as a subject of political activity, as representatives of the interests of a certain part of society, appeared in the process of the formation of parliamentarism (XVII-XIX centuries).

The first political parties originated in Great Britain. At first it was the Tories and Whigs, then the Conservative, Liberal and Labor parties appeared. in the United States in the first half of the nineteenth century. the Democratic Party appeared, and in the middle of the century - the Republican Party.

From the history of Russia, you know that political parties began to emerge in our country much later than in Europe and America, only at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. in October 1990, the USSR Law "On Public Associations" was adopted, which marked the beginning of the restoration of a multi-party system in Russia.

Already in the time of Aristotle (4th century BC), political groups were spontaneously formed, which were called parties. They were temporary associations to support a particular individual. Grouping around a political figure, his supporters and followers ensured the coordination of actions, which made it possible to achieve the set goals. There are several periods in history political parties.

I period - XVI-XVII centuries. - parties are aristocratic groups that unite a few representatives of the political elite. They reflect the emergence of the political systems of the early bourgeois states of Western Europe and America, the struggle between the aristocrats and the bourgeois.

II period - XVIII-XIX centuries. - parties - political clubs focused on attracting to active political activity people who have influence not only in politics, but also in other vital areas of public life.

III period - XIX-XX centuries. - modern political parties - the presence of an ideological doctrine and a developed organizational structure. The first political party of this type, the Liberal Party, was created in England in 1877. 19th century, half a century later than in Western Europe and the USA. First, parties of a socialist orientation, then a liberal one, and finally a conservative one (in the West it is the other way around). At the beginning of the twentieth century. there are 280 parties in Russia (60 are all-Russian: Cadets, RSDLP; regional).

A political party is an organized group of like-minded people who adhere to a certain worldview, representing the interests of a part of the people and setting as their goal the implementation of a political program by conquering state power or participating in its implementation.

Main features of political parties

The bearer of a certain ideology or a special vision of the world and man.

An organized association of people (long enough, voluntary), structured at different levels of politics - from local to international - and with varying degrees of rigidity.

Focus on the conquest and exercise of political power.

A party is a voluntary association of citizens.

The purpose of the party is to participate in the exercise of political power.

The party expresses and defends the common political interests of its members; on the basis of these interests, the ideologists of the party develop its program, which formulates the strategy and tactics of the party, that is, the general goals and specific tasks of the struggle, and also determines the ways and means of achieving them.

The party has its own organization (number, permanent composition, formalized membership, internal structure - all these issues are reflected in the party charter).

The leading core, the leaders, are clearly distinguished in the party.

The party has certain property, financial means, its own mass media.

Many political parties have their own symbols, badges, banners, sometimes even uniforms.

Structure of political parties:

party apparatus;

Party asset;

Ordinary members of the party mass;

Party supporters.

Tasks of political parties:

The party influences the formation of public opinion: the propaganda it conducts in the media orients citizens in political life, helps to develop certain assessments, judgments from the standpoint of this particular party, its political leadership;

Parties in modern society have a significant impact on political education, raising the political culture of citizens;

Parties organize the participation of citizens in political life: they nominate candidates for elections, lead political clubs, clubs of voters, organize processions, pickets, rallies and other events;

Parties have a significant influence on the activities of parliament and government, on the formation of the cabinet of ministers;

The most important function of a political party is the education of its members, as well as the formation and promotion of political leaders - the party elite, in addition, creating conditions for a person to manifest his abilities, striving for self-realization, preventing the replacement of the true interests and goals of the party with the ambitions of leaders;

Parties develop programs for the development of the country; the largest parties have their own "think tanks" - research institutes, foundations, in which the best cadres of scientists are concentrated: political scientists, historians, economists, jurists.

Functions of political parties:

Expression and upholding in politics the interests of certain social groups of society;

Struggle for power, its use or control over it;

Integration of large social groups;

Development of party ideology, propaganda and the formation of public opinion; political education of society;

Preparation and recruitment of the political elite in party, state, public structures.

Typology of political parties

An actual methodological problem in the study of parties and their systems is their typology. Political scientists use a variety of approaches in classifying parties. From the end of the 19th century and until the middle of the twentieth century. the method of dividing parties according to the criteria of the organizational structure of parties, the nature of membership prevailed. Based on the first criterion, parties are divided into three groups:

1. Decentralized or not having a clear organizational structure (Democratic and Republican parties of the USA, environmental movements).

2. Mass centralized parties (parties of the Socialist International).

3. Strictly centralized parties with a rigid structure and discipline (communist, national-democratic and other parties). The orthodox followers of the Marxist tradition subdivide the parties according to the class principle. They distinguish proletarian, petty-bourgeois, bourgeois and monarchist parties, respectively.

Yu. O. Martov singled out four types of parties: reactionary-conservative, moderate-conservative, liberal-democratic, and revolutionary. Western political scientists have proposed their own typology. The French political scientist Maurice Duverger in his book "Political Parties" (1954) developed a binary (bipolar) classification of the party: personnel (these parties do not seek to increase the number of their ranks; they are based on territorial grassroots committees of leaders; they are insignificant in number; there is no any system of membership with registration and regular payment of membership fees) and mass (more cohesive, have greater interconnectedness of their organizations vertically and horizontally). Parties differ in the type of connections they have with voters, party members and activists, as well as in their internal structure.

In the late 60s, some authoritative political scientists in France and the United States, without rejecting Duverger's scheme, supplemented his binary classification. J. Charlot and J. Sartori proposed a three-component typology of parties currently operating in the West: cadre, mass, and parties of voters (electoral).

Typology criteria

Party types

1. The nature of the relationship to social transformations

Revolutionary, reformist, radical, moderate, progressive, reactionary

2.Ideological platform

Social Democratic, Communist, Liberal, Conservative, Confessional, Monarchist, Nationalist, Fascist, Neo-Fascist

3.Participation in political power

Ruling, opposition, legal, illegal, leading parties, outsider parties, ruling monopoly, ruling in a coalition

4. Social base

Workers, peasants, entrepreneurs

5. Identity, bet on originality

"Grotesque parties" - a party of beer lovers, a party of fools, "Mitka", etc. More often they do not claim power, but very staunchly defend their limited circle of interests, have a small but close-knit composition

6. Differences in the structure and organization of the inner life

Personnel - develop on the basis of election committees and parliamentary groups; free membership, few. The financial base is private financing.

Elite consist of parliamentarians, professional politicians.

Mass - the result of universal suffrage; rigid organization, mandatory membership; financial base - collective financing. Numerous (mass) in composition. Much attention is paid to ideological and educational work

Evolution of political parties

1. In the bowels of the old statehood and political system, a new party is born as a response to the aggravation of contradictions in society.

2. Promotion of ideas, campaigning, attracting the maximum number of supporters, the formation of the material and technical base of the activity and financial sources of the party's existence.

3. The struggle of the party for power: the search for ways, forms, methods, forces capable of destabilizing and discrediting the state system and the ruling party; use of a crisis.

4. Party victory. Conservation of a new state and economic mechanism, conducting a personnel policy in the interests of their party.

5. Gradual work of the Party on the implementation and enrichment of program goals, taking into account the influence of moods in society, the dialectical development of the organizational structure, forms, methods of work of the Party in order to avoid aggravation of contradictions and conflicts.

6. The defeat of the party and all the social forces behind it, the lack of prospects for achieving goals.

Under the party system is understood the totality of all political parties operating in a given country, their relationship with each other. Stable ties and relations of parties of various types with each other, as well as with the state and other institutions of power, form party systems.

Grounds for classification

1. Nature of government:

- totalitarian;

2. Different political status:

- majoritarian;

- dominant;

- coalition.

3. Number of parties in power or fighting for influence on it:

- one-party (there is a single party in the country that has a monopoly on political power in society; political opposition is prohibited);

- bipartisan (there are several parties in the country, but two of them have a real impact on political life. In case of victory in the elections, one of the two parties receives the majority of seats in the legislature, has the right to appoint its candidates for the post of president or vice president, form government (another party is in legal opposition until it wins the next election);

– multi-party systems (an active role in the political life of society is played by a number of parties, but none of them has sufficient weight to get the absolute support of voters in elections).

- How do you understand what a one-party, two-party, multi-party system is? Is there something in common between them? What are the differences?

The objective basis of a multi-party system:

- social differentiation of society, the presence in it of classes, ethnic groups, confessional associations, other social communities with specific interests of each of them;

- the presence of socio-political interests common to various social objects: groups, layers, associations;

- the presence in the ruling classes and other social communities and groups of groups competing for power.

Elections of authorities are a certain political procedure in which voters and representatives of voters (politicians) participate, who, based on the interests of voters and relying on them, build their political programs, claiming power.

The electoral system is the procedure for the formation of the elected bodies of the state, a set of rules on the basis of which the relationship between parliament, government and the electorate is determined.

Suffrage is the principle and conditions for the participation of citizens in the formation of elected bodies.

Suffrage can be: active (the right to vote) and passive (the right to be elected). Suffrage may be limited by qualifications.

Electoral qualifications (restrictions)

Settlement requirement (the right to participate in elections, subject to residence in this territory for a certain time (for parliamentary elections in the United States - one month, in Canada - 12 months, in Ireland - to have a place to sleep, in Norway - at least 10 years).

Age requirement (the right to participate in elections upon reaching a certain age (in most countries - from 18 years).

Qualification of sex (universal bourgeois suffrage was formed as a purely male and did not apply to women. For the first time this qualification was abolished in 1883 in New Zealand).

Property qualification (rarely found openly, but its real influence is exceptionally great).

Qualifications are age, educational, national, racial, property, class and settlement.

In democratic states, elections are held on the basis of the so-called "four-member system", characterized by universal, direct, equal suffrage by secret ballot.

Universal suffrage is the right to participate in elections for all citizens who have reached a certain age (usually 18), regardless of gender, race, nationality and other factors. Only the residency requirement is allowed. In the Russian Federation, persons recognized as legally incompetent by a court decision and persons held in places of deprivation of liberty by a court verdict cannot participate in elections.

b) the relative majority - more than the opponent.

The main principle of this system is the “winner takes all” rule.

A proportional electoral system is a method of determining the results of voting, which is based on the principle of distribution of seats in proportion to the number of votes received by each party. Elections are held only on a party basis: each electoral association or bloc nominates its own list of candidates for vacant positions, and the voter votes not for an individual, but for one or another party list as a whole.

In order to prevent "dwarf" parties from receiving mandates, some countries have introduced the so-called percentage barrier: parties whose lists do not receive a certain number of votes - 5%, are excluded from the distribution of mandates, and the votes they have collected are not taken into account when summing up.

Proportional-majority electoral system

One part of the deputies is elected by the majority system. The other part of the deputies is elected on the basis of a proportional system based on party lists.

Presentation on social science "Factors of production and factor income". The presentation can be used both in the lesson on this topic, and to prepare for . Theoretical and practical material is presented. Assignments correspond to the new format of exams. Sources are indicated.

Presentation on social science "Citizenship of the Russian Federation". The presentation can be used both in the lesson on this topic and in preparation for the exam.

Theoretical and practical material is presented. Assignments correspond to the new format of exams. Sources are indicated.

Target audience: for grade 11

Presentation on social science "The concept and types of legal responsibility." The presentation can be used both in a lesson on this topic and in preparation for. Theoretical and practical material is presented. Assignments correspond to the new format of exams. Sources are indicated.

Target audience: for grade 11

Presentation on social science "Deviant behavior and its types." The presentation can be used both in the lesson on this topic and in preparation for the exam. Theoretical and practical material is presented. Assignments correspond to the new format of exams. Sources are indicated.

Target audience: for grade 11

Presentation on social science "Types of social norms." The presentation can be used both in the lesson on this topic and in preparation for the exam. Theoretical and practical material is presented. Assignments correspond to the new format of exams. Sources are indicated.

Target audience: for grade 11

Presentation on social science "Types, causes and consequences of inflation". The presentation can be used both in the lesson on this topic and in preparation for the exam. Theoretical and practical material is presented. Assignments correspond to the new format of exams. Sources are indicated.

Target audience: for grade 11

Presentation on social science "Social control". The presentation can be used both in the lesson on this topic and in preparation for the exam. Theoretical and practical material is presented. Assignments correspond to the new format of exams. Sources are indicated.

Target audience: for grade 11

Presentation on social science "The concept of power." The presentation can be used both in the lesson on this topic and in preparation for the exam. Theoretical and practical material is presented. Assignments correspond to the new format of exams. Sources are indicated.