A compound nominal predicate, like a verb, has two parts: auxiliary and main. It is built according to the scheme: connective + binding component of the nominal type. The copula provides its grammatical qualification in the categories of mood, tense and person. The nominal (linking) part is expressed by one of the inflected parts of speech (noun, adjective, participle, numeral, pronouns of various categories) or their substitutes.
In the GHS, the first component is called an auxiliary verb, since it fully retains its lexical meaning; in SIS - a linking verb, since its lexical meaning is weakened. It is difficult to draw a clear boundary between auxiliary verbs and linking verbs, since both serve the grammatical meanings of the sentence in general and the predicate in particular and preserve the basic properties of the verb, its grammatical categories: mood, tense, aspect, etc.
The auxiliary part of the SIS includes:
1) unimportant, not verbally expressed connection be , (lexically emptied), expressing only modal-temporal meanings , it is an indicator of the past or future tense, indicative, imperative or subjunctive mood. In the present tense there is usually no copula (“zero copula”). Its presence in the predicate is revealed in the system of oppositions, cf.: At dusk the meadows look like the sea(Paustovsky); At dusk meadows were look like the sea; At dusk meadows will look like the sea. To express the present tense, the verb form of this connective is sometimes used - There is.
2) semi-significant connectives, in addition to the grammatical expression of tense and mood, have a certain amount of lexical meaning, sometimes they introduce various additional shades into the lexical meaning of the predicate, sometimes very significant: For example, connectives become, become, be done indicate the occurrence of a sign or its change: The fog became thicker; It became increasingly difficult to wait; I became sick.
Ligaments to be, to be, to be, to appear, to be, to appear, to be called indicate the manifestation, detection of a sign: For the strong, even grief can be intense; The meaning of human existence lies in the highest demands on oneself(Hermann).
3)significant connectives fully retain their lexical meaning. Verbs of movement, state of movement, position in space and time with varying degrees of weakening of the lexical meaning are usually used as such connectives: arrive, arrive, step on, stand, sit, go, fly, return, sit, lie, work, serve: He walked with folded arms, gloomy(Lermontov); I stand enchanted by the morning panorama(Fedoseev); Nastya worked as a secretary at the Union of Artists(Paustovsky).
Main part of the SIS:
The anchoring component can be expressed by any part of speech that, due to its morphological nature, is not capable of independently expressing the predicative meaning; a relationship of identity is established between the subject and the anchoring component.
The following are used as the nominal part of a compound nominal predicate:
1. Nouns in im., tv., gender. pad., in other indirect cases with prepositions: All it was like a dream(Bitter). There were no joys love, separation there will be no sadness(Lermontov);
2. Adjectives in them. or TV pad., short form, comparative/superlative form: Wind there was a counter(L. Tolstoy). And happiness was So Maybe, So close! (Pushkin); The Chekhov family was talented, noisy and mocking (Paustovsky);
3. Numeral names/quantitative-nominal combinations: Their hut there was a third on the edge. (Chekhov). He was it seemed six years old(Lermontov);
4. Pronouns: Lisa in a few days became not the same , as he knew her (Turgenev); IN interrogative sentences the nominal part of the predicate can be expressed by a pronoun or a combination of pronouns: Who This? What This? Who such Ivanov?
5. Adverbs: How it was inopportune this is a memory! (Chekhov);
6. Participles: Chervonets was dirty And in the dust(Krylov);
7. Im. and creativity cases of inflected parts of speech, as well as forms comparative degree adjectives and short forms of adjectives and participles: By autumn days become shorter; And the air it gets sweeter, and gave friendlier, and people cuter, and life easier (Fedin); My affairs upset and so on.
8. Case or prepositional-case forms of parts of speech, adverbs and adverbial combinations, etc., the use of which is secondary, derivative in nature, or the forms are formed as a result of compression (compression) of one of the members of the sentence: Fighters were ready(The fighters were ready); this job was to him into a habit(This work was familiar to him); After all, I am a little to her akin; There was no joy love, separation there will be no sadness ; These shoes highest quality(These shoes are top quality shoes); This is a hostel for students; He was of a cheerful disposition .
9. Interjection: She is now Ah ah ah(Lermontov);
10. Phraseological combinations: On that day shewas not in a good mood(Bitter). He was a jack of all trades (Kuprin).
Both auxiliary verbs and linking verbs can function in speech as simple verbal predicates with the preservation of lexical meanings. For example: On the terrace was fresh shadow(L. Tolstoy); Was dark, autumn, rainy, windy night(L. Tolstoy). It is easy to notice that verb forms capable of serving grammatical side compound nominal predicates, one of the components of semantics is the meaning of being-existence, which is complemented by other, specific meanings. The component of being determines the interchangeability of such verbs (cf.: stood in the snow - were in the snow, a wave was walking– there was a wave etc.).
Only changing word order in verb sentences be, having the most abstract meaning of being, causes a redistribution of syntactic functions. Wed: Shadow on the terrace it was fresh; Night was dark, autumn, rainy, windy; Trees stood in the snow– two days ago there was a snowstorm was strong; At the place where the flotilla recently stood, a wave walked icy. A change in word order entails significant changes in the syntactic functions of some word forms, more subtle differences in grammatical meanings with insignificant differences in lexical semantics (circumstance of place on the terrace transforms into an adverbial definition, definition fresh becomes the nominal part of the predicate, etc.).
Composite verbal predicate has two parts: auxiliary and main. The main part always consists of an infinitive, expressing the main information in the semantics of the predicate. The auxiliary part carries a double load: it expresses the modal-temporal meaning of the predicate and complements the main informative meaning.
Lexical meaning auxiliary part includes:
- An indication of the beginning, end, continuation of an action: begin, become, end, stay, continue, stop, cease, etc. Such verbs are called phase and form a special lexical-semantic group, as a result of which they acquire a grammatical meaning: You have already begun to fade a little ( Yesenin);
wipe your face and lift the strap of your cap (Konetsky);
Before a thunderstorm, the fish stopped biting (Paustovsky).
- An indication of the necessity, desirability and possibility of action: can, want, desire, intend, decide, assume, count, etc. Such verbs are called modal. Like phase verbs, modal verbs also express grammatical knowledge: Without personal labor a person cannot go
Oh, if only I could hate you (Pushkin); I don't want to forget
and I can’t (Svetlov).
The difference between a simple and a compound verbal predicate is especially pronounced when compared. Wed: The reader sees and understands what he wants and can see and understand.
In the main sentence, all components of the semantics of the predicate are expressed by conjugated verbal forms sees and understands; in the subordinate clause, the modal-temporal component of semantics is expressed by the auxiliary verbs wants and can, complementing with their lexical meanings the main meaning of the predicates, expressed by infinitives.
The infinitive included in the compound verbal predicate is called “subjective”, since it denotes the action of the same person as the auxiliary part: I wanted to say, I can bet, I like to talk, etc.
The infinitive fulfills the need of phase, modal and emotional verbs in the object, therefore the infinitive, which is part of the predicate, can alternate in speech with a noun that acts as a complement. Wed: I want to go forward and with everyone
during the day, every hour I want something new, but he wants to stop and stop me with him (L. Tolstoy); It's not death that I'm afraid of. Oh no! I'm afraid to disappear completely (Lermontov); I loved the noise of the forest, the smell of moss and grass, the diversity of flowers, the thickets of swamps that excite the hunter, the cracking of the wings of a wild bird, gunfire, creeping gunpowder smoke; loved to search and unexpectedly find (Green).
Depending on the syntactic conditions and lexical-semantic meanings of auxiliary verbs in the infinitive, either verbal or nominal properties are strengthened. Phase and modal verbs are less vivid and independent than emotional ones, therefore combinations with verbs containing an emotional assessment of an action do not have an unambiguous interpretation in the literature and are considered either as a predicate or as a combination of predicates with additions.
It is necessary to distinguish combinations from a compound verbal predicate that include an infinitive, which plays the role of a complement and an adverbial adverb.
The infinitive, which plays the role of a complement, is called “objective”, since it denotes the action of another person (not the “subject” of the conjugated verb form): advised to search, asked to take care, etc.: Antonenko ordered people to leave the barge (Konetsky);
The battalion commander was ordered to take the height (Lvov) that day; Not
I will allow you to speak badly about life in my presence, for
The auxiliary part includes:
- a linking verb to be, expressing only modal-temporal meanings. In the present tense there is usually no copula (“zero copula”): Work for the benefit of society is sacred
key to knowledge (Proverb); Personal happiness is impossible without
the happiness of others (Chernyshevsky); The morning was hazy, the sky
dim (Vigdorova); Life is empty and colorless only
among colorless people... (Chernyshevsky); Peace is the greatest key value of our existence, without which we lose meaning
and the strength of all other blessings and joys of life (Leonov);
- Linking verbs, not only expressing modal-temporal meanings, but also introducing various additional shades, sometimes very significant, into the lexical meaning of the predicate: do, become, become, appear, be considered, seem, be called, etc.: It’s winter here. Everything becomes brighter, more cheerful
Ivan Ivanovich... (Dubov); The glare of the sun seemed like diamonds
(Akhmatova); Throughout world history a new culture has always been a synthesis of the new with the old, with the basic
the beginnings of the culture that it replaced (Bryusov); Regardless of all these tragic internal experiences, Blok, in all periods of his work, remained a true poet and a true artist (Bryusov);
- verbs with the meaning of movement, displacement, position in space and time with varying degrees of weakening of the lexical meaning: come, come, return, step on, stand, sit, lie, etc.: Autumn has come, rainy, cold (Vigdorova); She came out of the pool fresh, cold and fragrant, covered with trembling drops of water (Kuprin); A letter from Vienna (Danin) lay open on his desk.
Both auxiliary verbs and linking verbs can function in speech as simple verbal predicates with the preservation of lexical meanings. For example: There was fresh shade on the terrace (L. Tolstoy); Was
dark, autumn, rainy, windy night (L. Tolstoy); Trees
stood in the snow - two days ago there was a strong snowstorm (Proskurin);
At the place where the flotilla recently stood, an ice wave was walking (P a u -
Stovsky). It is easy to notice that in verbal forms capable of serving the grammatical side of compound nominal predicates, one of the components of semantics is the meaning of being-existence, which is supplemented by other, specific meanings. The component of being determines the interchangeability of such verbs (cf.: stood in the snow - were in the snow, a wave was walking - there was a wave, etc.).
Only a change in word order in sentences with the verb to be, which has the most abstract meaning of being, causes a redistribution of syntactic functions. Wed: The shade on the terrace was fresh; It was night
dark, autumn, rainy, windy; The trees were covered in snow - two days ago there was a strong snowstorm; At the place where the flotilla had recently stood there was an icy wave. A change in word order entails significant changes in the syntactic functions of some word forms, more subtle differences in grammatical meanings with insignificant differences in lexical semantics (the adverbial place on the terrace is transformed into an adverbial definition, the definition fresh becomes a nominal part of the predicate, etc.).
The main ways of expressing the nominal part of the predicate are the adjective in full and short form (and the full form begins to crowd out the short form), noun and short passive participle. In addition, the nominal part can be expressed by prepositional-case combinations, whole phrases, phraseological units, etc.
Let's supplement the above examples with the following: I spent the evenings with people in Bratsk. Shiryu's comrades are rich in soul. Conversations
warm-hearted, smart, good. These people are friendly, their home is cozy (Bezymensky); Houses are more durable than people and witness several human generations (Paustovsky); The sail is old, bleached by rains, with_ large square patches (Yakovshikh trees (Sokolov-Mikitov); He was a jack of all trades (Dubov).
In interrogative sentences, the nominal part of the predicate can be expressed by a pronoun or a combination of pronouns: Who
This? What is this? Who is Ivanov? What is art?
What is the weather today? What is the result of our work? etc.
Notes: 1. In some cases, short and long forms of adjectives diverge in lexical meanings (The girl is very good and The Girl is very good), in valence properties (Life is rich in events and Life is rich), etc. Therefore, not in all cases short forms can be replaced by complete ones and vice versa: Here in our area, rich in songs, The girls are too pretty (Fatyanov); ...In any case, life is
us rich! (Koptyaeva).
2. A compound nominal predicate may include particles: With this pain, I feel younger (Yesenin); She was like a song to me (Yesenin); Night
seems paler today (Yesenin); The surest sign of truth is simplicity and clarity (L. Tolstoy); The wolf is not a shepherd (Proverb).
Compound Verbal Predicate (CVS) consists of two parts:
A) auxiliary part(verb in conjugated form) expresses grammatical meaning (tense and mood); b) main part(indefinite form of the verb - infinitive) expresses lexical meaning.K composite Verbal predicates include predicates expressed by the personal form of the verb and the adjacent infinitive. The real meaning and the grammatical meaning are presented separately in such a predicate. The infinitive, which contains the real meaning, can be combined with verbs denoting the beginning, continuation or end of an action, as well as modal verbs denoting intention, expression of will, ability, predisposition, desire, etc. The first group includes verbs such as begin, start, become, accept (in the meaning of “begin”), continue, finish, stop, quit (“in the meaning of “finish”); to the second group - verbs want, wish, be able, be able, intend, contrive, unlearn, be able to, prepare, dream, hope, fear, etc. Examples: 1) Oganesyan began to call out prisoners one by one (Cossack); He rushed to disarm (Shol.); Parabukin did not eat (Fed.); 2) Wanted to go around the whole world (Gr.); Sometimes the head refused to think for two (Gonch.).
Compound verbs also include predicates with a phraseological combination in place of a modal verb; in the second part of such a predicate an infinitive is used. For example: burning with desire to see, having the intention to relax, expressing consent to come, etc.
Instead of a modal verb in a compound verbal predicate, a predicative adjective can be used, to which an infinitive is adjacent. These are adjectives like: glad, willing, intends, must, ready, capable, willing. For example: He is ready to wait; The student is able to learn everything.
A compound verb predicate can be complicated by a third component. Such predicates are not fundamentally distinguished from compound verbs and differ only in a certain increase in meaning. Most often, these are predicates that combine a verb in the personal form and two dependent infinitives. Verbs in the finite form (the same as in predicate compounds) indicate the beginning, continuation or end of an action or have modal meanings. A predicative adjective can also be a component of such a predicate.
As a rule, a three-member verbal predicate combines a modal verb and a verb indicating the beginning, continuation or end of an action (one of them in the infinitive form), for example: wanted (want) to start studying; decided to start treatment, hoped to quit smoking; could (can) start singing; I wanted to start running, but I couldn’t. In place of the verb in the personal form there can be a predicative adjective: ready to start studying; I'm glad to quit smoking, but I can't; I agree to stay and work. The attribution of combinations of verbs such as decided to start learning, promised to stop looking for to compound predicates is questioned by some linguists; it is proposed to divide such a combination into two predicates: the main and secondary infinitive type. However, such three-term verbal combinations must be approached differentially, that is, the degree of lexical significance of the verbs in these combinations must be taken into account. If the main meaning of the predicate is conveyed only by the last infinitive, and the first two verbs denote only the beginning, end, continuation of an action in combination with the meanings of will, possibility, impossibility of action, desirability or inclination, then such predicates should not be divided, since ultimately they mean one action or state: I want to start studying, I couldn’t start running; if both infinitive verbs in a three-member combination denote independent, separately existing actions, then the first two verbs should be considered the predicate, and the third should be considered a secondary member of the sentence (adverbial or complement).
a) auxiliary part – bunch(verb in conjugated form) expresses grammatical meaning (tense and mood); b) main part – nominal part(name, adverb) expresses lexical meaning.
Nominal the predicate consists of a verbal connective in the personal form and a nominal part. The link can be of three types: 1) distracted - this is the verb to be in various forms of tense and mood; the connective is called abstract because it has a purely grammatical meaning and is devoid of material content, for example: The voice of a stranger was heard less and less often (Paust.) 2) half-distracted , or semi-nominal, is a verb with a weakened lexical meaning; such a verb conveys grammatical meanings (tense, mood), connecting the predicate with the subject, in addition, this verb introduces partial lexical meaning into the predicate - naming, transition from one state to another, etc., for example: I have become the most humble now person (T.);; 3) significant , or real, is a verb that fully retains its lexical meaning, denoting a state, movement, etc., for example: No one is born a hero, soldiers mature in battle.
Such full-valued verbs are included in the predicate along with nominal forms and only for this reason are conventionally considered connectives. Essentially, these verbs, while fully retaining their lexical meaning, are not grammaticalized and express an independent attribute of the subject. It is not for nothing that A. A. Shakhmatov considered predicates with such verbs to be double.
Linking verbs of the third group can be freely used as independent predicates: return, come, return, be born, leave, live, stand, lie, sit, die, work, stay.
As a result of the presence of a linking verb and a nominal part, the predicates are called composite : the grammatical meanings of such a predicate are contained in the connective (to be; to be called, to become, to become; to begin, to end, to seem, to have; to come, to return, to stand, to live), and the material meanings - in the nominal part.
If the predicate has the meaning of the present tense, the abstract connective is may be absent; the predicate in this case is called either a simple nominal or a compound with a zero connective, for example: The cabman is a small daring. The role of a predicative connective can be performed by demonstrative particles this, that means, that means. The predicate can also be attached to the subject with the help of comparative words as, as if, as if, exactly, as if.
A compound nominal predicate can be complicated by a third component - in this case it consists of a predicative adjective, a connective and a nominal part: You it should be our first playwright(Fed.)
All nominal parts of speech (noun, adjective, pronoun, numeral) can act as a nominal part of the predicate.
Noun as a nominal part it is usually used in the forms of the nominative or instrumental case: Daughter Marina was high dark-skinned ( Tannery). The creative predicative is a developing, active form. This form is gradually replacing the nominative predicative. Both forms are now distinct semantically and stylistically. The nominative denotes a constant, stable attribute; it is usually used in a predicate without a connective, conceivable in the present tense: Brother is a teacher, I am an engineer. When related to the plane of the past, such a nominative is perceived as archaic: Of course, we were friends(L.). A temporary, non-permanent attribute is conveyed more often using the instrumental case form:... Already in the Ogonyok Grove becomes Fire(Kr.). The nominal part can be expressed by a noun in the genitive case, for example: Philosopher Khoma Brutus was of a cheerful disposition(G.). The peculiarity of such a predicate is that the range of words that can act in this function in the form of the genitive case is limited and the predicate itself always has the meaning of either a qualitative characteristic or an internal state, and with a genitive name an adjective is necessarily used, which contains the indication for a qualitative sign: Hands were plump, small, but impeccable form(Cossack.). The genitive case of a name can have the meaning of relation or belonging (in this case, the adjective is not necessary): Whose stroller? my master(L.). The genitive case of a name with a preposition can also be used as a nominal part of the predicate, for example: And they say - lilies without smell(Fed.).
The adjective as a nominal part of the predicate is used in full and short forms, in forms of different degrees. Full form adjectives have both nominative and instrumental cases. For example: Mysterious and that's why beautiful dark thickets of forests (Paust.)\
communion : short and complete, passive and active. For example: Her eyebrows were shifted (T.); The tea stood untouched(Adv.). The full participle can also be in the instrumental case: Glasses of tea stand untouched ( S. - Sh.).
Various are used as the nominal part of the predicate. pronouns : personal, possessive, interrogative-relative, demonstrative, attributive, negative and indefinite. Forms of both nominative and instrumental cases are possible. For example: Is it you, You is this Rudin? (T.); - She my!- he said menacingly. Like nouns, pronouns can act as predicates in the forms of different cases with prepositions, representing free nominal combinations or combinations of a phraseological type, for example: You can live with me while the house Behind me(Fed.).
The nominal part can be expressed numeral name or quantitative-nominal combination . For example: It [building] it was two floors(G.), Twice two is four.
Compound nominal predicate (grade 8), along with the subject, is one of the main members of the sentence. As you know, there are three types of predicates: simple verbal predicate, compound verbal predicate, compound nominal predicate. A simple verb is expressed by one full-valued word or related phrase. A compound verbal predicate includes two parts: an infinitive and a verb. What is a compound nominal predicate? To begin with, we note that it is studied in the 8th grade and consists of two parts: the connective and the nominal part.
In contact with
Compound nominal predicate (8th grade)
Copula in a compound nominal predicate
The copula expresses modality and tense category. The following verbs can most often act as connectives:
- The verb to be in all tense categories. Do not forget that this verb in the present tense form turns into a zero copula;
- verbs become, appear, become, etc.;
- verbs with the categorical meaning of an action or process: arrive, return, stand, leave, get there, swim, fly away, come, etc.;
- Katerina is excited and nervous due to unforeseen circumstances that arose on her way home. I will be first just to be better than you. If you become a good boy, maybe I'll take you to the circus with me.
- It was getting cool outside, so we returned to the house. You turned out to be a two-faced person, because you wanted to quarrel with everyone. It becomes fun from those memories of days gone by.
- I wish I could leave this doctor healthy. My husband will arrive tomorrow by plane via Moscow on a direct flight.
Types of ligaments
A compound nominal predicate has several types of ligaments, noticeably different from each other:
In the past and future forms, the verb to be expresses clearly. The same context: she was a doctor with a lot of experience, but little ambition, and she will be a doctor with a lot of experience, but little ambition. In the sentences, compound nominal predicates with the abstract connective be are highlighted.
A few words about the form of the subjunctive mood; when used, a particle would be added to the abstract connective be. Suggestion: She would be a doctor with a lot of experience but little ambition.
- The connection is semi-abstract, is represented by the verbs appear, appear, appear, appear, become, etc. The peculiarity of semi-nominal connectives is that they carry not only a grammatical component, but also help in expressing the meaning of the nominal part of the predicate. Suggestion: she turned out to be a doctor with a lot of experience but little ambition.
- Significant connection, expressed in words of action, movement, any process. For example, we include such verbs as sit, lie, hear, think, read, walk, breathe, run, swim, wash, undress, talk, etc. These connectives express specific lexical and grammatical meanings. Sentences: The geese walked around in the yard, as if they were the owners of the entire farmstead. He served as an ensign on the border for many years.
The nominal part of a compound nominal predicate
The role of the nominal part is:
- Summer days are getting shorter. Today you look better than yesterday. I'll be back later, you don't have to wait for me for dinner. (adjective in comparative degree).
- She is the decoration of this evening (noun in the instrumental case).
- Aunt Masha seemed very sad to me. This year's summer was unusually cold. The flowers you gave for the holiday were very beautiful. (adjective in the positive degree).
- This child is sometimes completely unbearable. The man living on the floor above is extremely rich. Honey collected from your own apiary is so sweet. (adjective in short form).
- All mistakes made when writing the dictation were mine (possessive pronoun).
- I suddenly felt scared. It was quite strange (adverb).
Sentences with a compound nominal predicate
Thus, the compound nominal predicate is studied in grade 8, along with other types of predicate: simple verb and compound verb. Its peculiarity is the presence of two parts: connectives and nominal parts. The problem of modern school education is that sometimes students do not have time to fully understand the essence of the types of predicates in class, as a result of which they are unable to find and define one of the main members of a sentence. You can deal with this problem in different ways, for example, work with a tutor or watch accessible and simple video tutorials on the Internet.
In a compound nominal predicate, the functions of the components are clearly separated: the main (nominal) component expresses only the real content of the predicate, and the auxiliary component (copula) expresses only grammatical meanings. A connective is the conjugated form of an incomplete verb. Its lexical meaning is grammaticalized, that is, it is used to express syntactic meaning. Formal indicators serve as a support for the grammatical meanings of mood and tense, and also express the dependence of the predicate on the subject (Day it was sunny) .
The lexical meaning of the linking verb, transformed as part of the predicate, serves to convey a modal assessment of the relationship of the attribute to the subject. This relationship can be assessed as actually existing (modal meaning of the statement) - connectives to be, to be, to remain and etc. [ His look remained naive and pure, like a dreamy boy(Paust.)]; as emerging - connectives become, become, be done and etc. [ Brother became more incomprehensible (M. G.)]; as apparent, possible - connectives seem, introduce and etc. [ After Yalta with its lush embankment Alushta appeared to me boring (Paust.)]. Some other modal meanings can also be expressed.
The main component - the nominal part of the compound predicate - can be represented by a word or phrase. The nominal part can be expressed in specialized forms - these are short qualitative adjectives, full adjectives, nouns in the nominative or instrumental case. The form of the case is dictated by the copula. In the zero form of the present tense copula be Only the nominative case can be used; For example: Pine- tree; I- student; The night is dark; Street- mine, at home- my(M.). Both the nominative and instrumental cases are used with the past and future tense forms of this connective (cf.: My father was a mechanic- My father was a mechanic; The day was sunny- The day was sunny). With all other connectives in modern Russian, only the instrumental case is used [ Room with a portrait of Garibaldi it seems dimly lit cabin, lost in the ocean of impenetrable night(Paust.)].
The role of the nominal part of the predicate can be various prepositional-case forms of nouns. They preserve the meanings that have developed in the phrase, where these forms perform a defining function (cf.: boat without sail- Boat found herself without a sail; house with mezzanine- House was with a mezzanine and so on.).
The use of such prepositional-case forms in the predicate is expanding, which are borrowed from verbal phrases and retain shades of objective or adverbial meaning; For example: Shooting was for an invisible purpose... (A.N.T.); My first records were about forests (Paust.); - Look: all the dramas, all the novels- out of jealousy (M.G.).
Some prepositional case forms express predominantly the state: this is the prepositional case with the preposition V, as well as stable combinations with the meaning of the state; For example: Arapov was delighted (Cupr.); I was in a fog (Paust.); Revolution was just around the corner (Dan.); The whole city was on his feet (Paust.).
Finally, the main component can be expressed in unchangeable words - an adverb or an infinitive. However, most adverbs do not have this function, so only a small group of adverbs with the meaning of state are used as part of the predicate (alert, tipsy, ready, wide open, soft-boiled, bulging and etc.); For example: Cavalryman I was also tipsy but in a different form(L. T.); Since then, when meeting with Fedya, I was on guard (Paust.).
The infinitive in a compound predicate expresses an evaluative meaning due to its relationship with the subject, which has a certain semantics - “purpose” (goal, task, purpose etc.) or “activities” (business, occupation, work etc.); For example: Case artist- beget joy(Paust.).
Collocations in the role of the main component are functionally indivisible: the main word does not have a complete real meaning, it expresses the relationship to the connective, and the dependent word contains the real meaning of the predicate (Peter- happy boy). Phrases of various compositions and forms are used (Man was tall; Girl had blue eyes; Room turned out to have three windows and etc.). Productive are the forms of the predicate, the main component of which contains a combination of a noun and an adjective, and the noun denotes a generic concept in relation to the specific one named in the subject [ Zaplatin was a sensible man (M.-S.)].Phrases with the meaning of state formed by nouns are also widely used in a compound predicate condition, position in the prepositional case with a preposition V and adjectives that agree with them [Then, you can imagine, was in difficult condition (Paust.)].
Complicated forms of a compound nominal predicate are built on the basis of the main ones and differ from them by additional grammatical meanings. The auxiliary component (ligament) is complicated by conjugated phase or modal verbs(or corresponding combinations of words).
Phasic verbs indicate the beginning, continuation or cessation of possession of a characteristic; For example: In the end the dream is to reach the front line began to seem them unrealistic (Sim.); In general, Loskutov for Privalov continued to remain a mystery (M.-S).
Modal verbs introduce into the nominal predicate the additional value of assessing the fact of possessing a characteristic; For example: ...Mockery of other people's suffering should not be forgiven (Ch.); Privalov I was afraid of becoming biased even to the doctor(M.-S.). The predicate can be complicated by two modal verbs with different meanings [- After that everyone can hope to be my son-in-law(T.)]. In this case, the copula itself is used in the form of the infinitive; it does not express the grammatical meanings of tense and mood (they are contained in the complicating verb), but retains the modal assessment of the attribute’s attribution to the subject. Thus, in complicated forms, two modal meanings collide: the modal meaning of the copula is an assessment coming from the speaker, and the modal meaning of the complicating verb is the subject’s attitude towards the possession of the attribute, aimed at the copula [ I have already wasn't afraid to be and seem sensitive (Ch.)].
Complex forms retain the main structural features of the compound nominal predicate: the functional separation of the main and auxiliary components, the same means and forms of expression of the nominal linking part.
Classifications of two-part sentences according to the form of the subject and predicate complement each other and make it possible to take into account all the main differences in the grammatical form of this type of simple sentences in modern Russian.
End of work -
This topic belongs to the section:
Subject of syntax. Objects of syntax and actual syntactic units, their relationship
Section i general concepts syntax.. topic, subject of syntax, objects of syntax and syntactic proper..
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Simple sentence syntax
4.1. Formal organization simple sentence 4.1.1. The doctrine of the members of a sentence and its structural types Babaytseva V.V. The system of sentence members in modern
Russian grammar
§ 1706. Syntax occupies a central place in the grammatical system of a language. This is determined by the fact that the sphere of syntax specifically belongs to those linguistic units that directly
Syntactic forms of words as primary units of syntax
At the pre-communicative level, the minimum construction where a syntactic connection is found is considered to be a phrase of two significant words, combined grammatically and in meaning (write
Russian grammar
§ 2680. As can be seen from the description of the formal and semantic structure of a simple sentence contained in § 1890-2679, the constructive elements in a sentence are the forms of words in their
Zolotova G.A. Syntactic dictionary. Repertoire of elementary units of Russian syntax
... In linguistics on modern stage its development, the need has matured to comprehend the concept of elementary syntactic units, from which, as it becomes more and more obvious, all other, more complex ones are built
Chesnokova L. D. Connections of words in modern Russian language
...analysis of the structure of a sentence must be accompanied by an analysis of the connections between words, because “syntax is the science of connections” (N. Yu. Shvedova). Analysis of any type of word connection consists in
Predicative connections
Predicative connections participate in the construction of the structural center of sentences, their predicative core, and serve to convey predicative relations, which are defined as the grammatical meaning of p
Sentences Collocations
The night is cold. cold night The night was cold. cold night The night will be cold. cold night The night would be cold. cold night let the night be cold
Distribution of word combinations
In the structure of a sentence, it is possible to distribute not only a single word, but also a whole combination of words as a single complex. Let us indicate the following cases of this type of propagation: 1. Ras
Ways to connect words
The most common ways of expressing syntactic relations in the sphere of subordination are coordination, control and adjacency. Identification of these three types of connections between words in their traditional meaning
Grammatical agreement
The connection of consonant words with a substantive name (word with objective meaning) lies in the fact that from the sum of the endings inherent in the word (meaning all the form changes of a given
Control
From the point of view of the formal classification of word connections, control is defined as a method of subordinating connection in which the dependent word, necessarily or optionally defining the main thing,
Adjacency
Adjunction is a way of connecting words that is carried out not due to inflection of the dependent word (the dependent word has no inflection forms), but due to lexical and grammatical meaning
Mandatory and optional connections
The problem of obligatory and optional connections is not only an internal problem of the connection of words, which allows us to delve deeper into the nature and nature of their connection. Internal laws of the organization
Obligatory and optional predicative connection
Predicative connection, i.e. the connection of the predicate with the subject, which serves to convey predicative relations, can also be obligatory and optional. Property of obligatory and optional
Mandatory and optional coordinating connections
In scientific and educational literature, it is traditionally accepted to consider a coordinating connection as an optional, optional phenomenon in the structure of a sentence. The question of the optionality of the coordinating connection (it is about
Apresyan Yu.D. Lexical semantics: Synonymous means of language
SEMANTIC VALENCES OF A WORD The syntactic properties of a word that are interesting for theoretical semantics and lexicography are, first of all, its active semantic valences
Russian grammar. M., 1980
§ 1720. In a sentence, taken separately or included in any segment of connected speech, in a text (see § 1890), word forms appear in syntactic connections and relationships that organize the sentence as a whole
Russian Grammar Vol. 2
§ 1881. A phrase is a syntactic construction formed on the basis of subordinate relationships: agreement, control and adjacency. All those relationships are completely transferred into the phrase
Peshkovsky A. M. Russian syntax in scientific coverage
... in order for two words to form a phrase, they must be connected simultaneously both in speech and in thought. A phrase, like a word, is an external-internal unity
The question of combinations of words (syntagmas) in the science of language
The problem of word combination is not new in linguistics and has its own history. A very remarkable thing in this story is the fact that in its very origins syntax represented
Place of phrases in the syntactic system
If we ignore the details, then throughout the development of grammatical thought - from Alexandrian grammars to modern attempts to develop syntax based on the provisions of the structural line
Fomenko Yu. V. Is a phrase a unit of language. "Philological Sciences"
A phrase would be a special, independent unit of language if it performed a nominative or communicative function. Meanwhile, neither one nor the other function is characteristic of it
Subject
The concept of the subject As a structural-semantic component of a sentence, a typical subject has the following differential features: 1) is included in the structural scheme of the sentence (is
Predicate
The concept of the predicate As a structural-semantic component of a sentence, a typical predicate has the following properties: 1) is included in the structural scheme of the sentence (it is the main member of the predicate
Glukhikh V. M. Infinitive as a member of a sentence (Material for syntactic analysis in a teacher training university)
<…>The infinitive is a complex, multifaceted phenomenon, which, apparently, is one of the reasons for the inaccuracies in the analysis of the syntactic role of the infinitive.<…>
Dyachkova N. A. Informatively indivisible phrases in the subject position
In the theory of sentence members there is one eternal question, about which different time Many linguists have written.<…>We are talking about the so-called “non-single members of a sentence” (members of pre
Dyachkova N. A. Sentences with indivisible phrases as the subject
<…>We have the right to consider [polypropositive] sentences not only as semantically non-elementary, but also as semantically complicated, since within the framework of a simple form it is proposed
Nominative-subject sentences
Nominative-subject sentences are the dominant type of two-part sentences in the Russian language. Their productivity is created by various forms of the subject, with the help of which they can be about
Subject represented by a single word
The subject meaning and grammatical independence of the subject are expressed by one lexical unit, one word form. Ideal possibilities for expressing the grammatical meaning of the subject region
Subject represented by a phrase
The nominative subject can be expressed by some types of noun phrases in the independent form of the nominative case. The functions of the subject are those phrases whose main word
Infinitive-subject clauses
The identification of this type of two-part sentences and its opposition to the nominative-subject one has clear grounds. Infinitive-subject sentences express specific
Structural types of infinitive subject
There are two structural types of the infinitive subject, differing in the means of expressing grammatical meaning - in fact infinitive subject and infinitive-nominal (compound) next to
Infinitive-subject sentences
In infinitive subject sentences we use various shapes compound nominal predicate, having many general features and properties. Thus, all forms of the predicate are characterized by evaluative
Differing in the form of the predicate
The second main member of a two-part sentence - the predicate, expressing the predicative feature - is grammatically subordinate to the subject. The predicate has real and grammatical meanings. Substance
Sentences with a simple predicate
The grammatical meanings of mood and tense can only be clearly expressed by conjugated forms of the verb. The simple predicate is always verbal, it is expressed by conjugated forms of the nominative
Sentences with a complex (compound) predicate
In two-part sentences with a complex (compound) predicate, the predicative basis has an analytical structure. The object, the bearer of the attribute, is named in the subject, the attribute - in the main component
Compound verb predicate
The main component of a compound verbal predicate is always represented by the infinitive form of a full-valued verb, a verbal phraseological unit or a descriptive verbal-nominal phrase. Forms of composition
Lekant P. A. Functions of the copula in the Russian language
In the grammatical system of the Russian language, the copula occupies an important place. It is one of the main means of organizing the grammatical form of a simple sentence for understanding
Cultural themes in Russian culture and language
<…>to the fullest extent, the features of the Russian national character are revealed and reflected in three unique concepts of Russian culture. I mean such concepts as soul, judge
Uncontrollability of feelings
As we have already seen, the Russian language has a large supply of means that allow speakers to talk about their feelings as active and as if fully conscious. Below I will show that the Russian language is
Infinitive constructions
3.1.1 Infinitive constructions with predicates of necessity and possibility Data from the syntactic typology of languages indicate that there are
Infinitive constructions without modals
In the Russian language there are also a lot of different infinitive constructions, the meaning of which is associated with the modal categories of necessity and impossibility, but which do not include
Reflective designs
INABILITY TO DO WHAT YOU WANT Examples: She can’t sleep in her new bed (Pushkin). I can no longer write about life here, I’m already on my way (Tsvetaeva).
Russian language as opposed to English
We have already seen that Russian grammar is replete with constructions in which the real world appears as opposed to human desires and volitional aspirations, or at least as
Irrationality" in syntax
The syntactic typology of the world's languages suggests that there are two different ways look at the actual world, relative to which all natural languages can be distributed. First by
Kalinin A.F. Infinitive sentences in the simple sentence type system
The problem of the status of infinitive sentences and their place in the system of types of one-part and two-part sentences can be successfully solved by analysis in a structural (grammatical) way
Types of one-part sentences
The grammatical center of one-component sentences is one independent main member, with the help of which predicativeness is expressed. Differences in the shape of the main member serve as the basis
Verb one-part sentences
In verbal one-part sentences, different verb forms are used as independent ones. General property all verbal one-part sentences are subjectless. Sub correlation
Definitely personal proposals
The essence of the grammatical form of definite personal sentences lies in the fact that the independent action expressed in them is thought and affirmed as related to a specific figure and this is attributed
Vaguely personal proposals
The main grammatical meaning of indefinite-personal sentences is the expression of an independent action, the actor is not lexically designated and is grammatically presented as indefinite; unannounced
Generalized-personal proposals
The main meaning of generalized-personal sentences is the expression of an independent attribute (action) attributed to a generalized figure, i.e., correlative in principle with any figure and related
Impersonal offers
<…>The general grammatical meaning of impersonal sentences is the statement of an independent attribute that is not correlated with the agent; the sign is related to the moment of speech. This is grammatical
Infinitive sentences
The general grammatical meaning of infinitive sentences is the statement of an independent action, not related to the actor, not related to the moment of speech. Specific grammatical meaning
Nominal one-part sentences
The general grammatical meaning of nominal one-part sentences includes the expression of beingness and predication (modal and temporal meanings). Expressing modal and temporal property values
Nominative sentences
The traditional theory of the nominative sentence, the foundations of which were developed by A. A. Shakhmatov and A. M. Peshkovsky, considers the structural basis of this type to be a noun in the nominative case;
Undivided nominative sentences
<…>A nominative sentence may have additional grammatical meaning. In this case, it is especially important to take into account those meanings that appear regularly and are expressed in material (f
Dissected nominative sentences
The meanings of the determining secondary members interact in a certain way with the grammatical meanings of the main member - existential and temporal. Determining minor terms in the calculation
Genitive sentences
The basis of the structure of genitive one-part sentences is the main member, expressed by the genitive case of the noun, used independently, i.e., not subordinate to any
Genitive affirmative sentences
<…>Interpretation of sentences like Water! as impersonal (even with the addition of “incomplete”) is unsuccessful and unconvincing. First, these sentences have no impersonal meaning
Genitive negative sentences
The structural basis of genitive negative sentences is the main member, consisting of at least two components - a noun in the genitive case and a prepositive
Tarlanov Z.K. Are there generalized personal sentences in the Russian language? // Philological sciences
The question of generalized personal sentences continues to remain controversial in Russian syntax.<…>Usually, speaking about the most important features of a generalized personal
Complete and incomplete offers
By comparing an incomplete sentence with the corresponding complete one, you can specifically determine which member is missing (omitted, not named) in the incomplete sentence, what its lexical and grammatical
Types of incomplete sentences
Types of incomplete sentences are distinguished taking into account the following factors: a) sphere of use (oral or written speech), b) the nature of communication (monologue or dialogue), c) interaction of the sentence with the content
Elliptical sentences
<…>We will call sentences I - home, etc. elliptical. In linguistic literature, the term “elliptical sentences” is used in various meanings:
Sentences with the meaning of movement, movement
This model is based on the direct correlation of the independent member naming the actor with words denoting the direction, goal, and final point of movement. In the function of an independent member
Sentences with the meaning of speech - thoughts
<…>Phrases with verbs of speech - thought are characterized by the presence of an objective component in the prepositional case with the preposition about (about) or the accusative case with the preposition about,
Phraseologized sentences
Phraseologized sentences (or cliche sentences) are specific constructions of colloquial speech. They have the main feature of a sentence - predicativity, but, unlike free
Studying paradigms in syntax
The concept of a paradigm, long and fruitfully developed in morphology, appeared in syntax relatively recently - in the 60s. Since then it has attracted the attention of many linguists.
Paradigm as a hierarchically organized system of modifications of a sentence
The formation of the concept of a proposal paradigm took place in the 60s within the framework of the transformation method; the first study devoted to the proposal paradigm was the work of D. Worth
The paradigm of a sentence as a system of its forms
The formation and development of the concept of the inflectional type syntactic paradigm (60s - 70s) is presented in the works of E.A. Sedelnikov and N.Yu. Shvedova. The first works in this direction
Syntactic derivation and sentence paradigm concepts
The desire to create whole system modifications of the sentence are typical for derivational syntax developing since the late 60s (Khrakovsky 1969, Lomtev 1969, Moskalskaya 1974, Murzi
Paradigmatic derivation in the concept of V.S. Khrakovsky
V.S. Khrakovsky uses the concept of paradigmatic derivation in relation to the complications of a sentence associated with changing the structure of a proposition by “introducing an actant”, as a result of which
Derivational paradigm in the works of V.A. Beloshapkova, T.V. Shmeleva
In the works of V.A. Beloshapkova and T.V. Shmeleva, devoted to the problems of syntactic derivation, a different understanding of the derivational paradigm is proposed, in which derived constructions differ from the original
Paradigm as a system of inter-model transformations of a sentence
The concept of a paradigm as a system of inter-model transformations of a sentence was developed by I.P. Raspopov and T.P. Lomtev. Noting that the sentence is built on a certain constructive-syntactic b
Development of the ideas of T.P. Lomtev: the concept of the syntactic paradigm of T.V. Shmeleva
Developing the ideas of T.P. Lomtev, T.V. Shmeleva puts forward her own concept of a syntactic paradigm. This concept is based on the idea of T.P. Lomtev that the commonality of the paradigmatic series is determined by the units
Diathesis as a paradigmatic series of propositions
The theory of diathesis developed by Leningrad linguists (Category of Voice... 1970; Typology of Passive Constructions... 1974) can be correlated with the ideas of I.P. Raspopov and T.P. Lomtev. In theory d
Development of the theory of syntactic paradigm
A number of works developing the ideas of syntactic paradigmatics are characterized by two features. Firstly, this is the desire for a deeper understanding of the correspondence of units of different levels, p
Nominative aspect of the sentence
The role of syntactic elements is not limited to indicating “what is connected with what.” The sentences He returned the father to the son and He returned the son to the father consist of the same words,
Arutyunova N. D., Shiryaev E. N. Russian sentence: Existential type
<…>Various factors participate in the formation of an utterance: categories of thought, psychological mechanisms and “everyday logic”, extra-linguistic reality, which concerns the highest
Its signified in the form of a system with relations
<…>Two different information, denoted by two different sentences, can have the same structure, for example: Rome is great and the House is high or A boy sees a girl and
Zolotova G. A. Essay on the functional syntax of the Russian language
Interpreting the concept of modality as an expression of a relationship in terms of reliability - unreliability, reality - unreality, they do not always determine with sufficient clarity the relationship between
Mathesius V. On the so-called actual division of a sentence
The actual division of a sentence should be contrasted with its formal division. If formal division decomposes the composition of a sentence into its grammatical elements, then the actual
Mathesius V. Language and style
THE SENTENCE AND ITS ACTUAL MEMBER I drew your attention to the difference between the linguistic system and the semantic structure at the very beginning of my article, and in practice we
Sentence as a communicative unit of language
As already defined in the introduction, the characteristics of the composition and structure of sentences from the point of view of constructive connections of the verbal forms that form them, their grammatical (constructive-syntactic)
Sirotinina O. B. Syntax of statements
61. The communicative structure of a sentence is considered in the syntax of the statement. Different statements can be formed on the basis of the same sentence. Selection to
Sirotinina O. B. Word order
70. Word order in the Russian language plays a role both in the organization of phrases and in the structure of predicative constructions, sentences, statements, so it makes sense to consider it independently