Russia is an incredibly huge country with wonderful and diverse nature. In each part you can see truly unique climatic conditions. A region like the Volga region is no exception. Natural resources, located here amaze with their special wealth. For example, these places have some of the most favorable conditions for farming and growing various crops. The article will discuss what the Volga region is, where it is located and what resources it is rich in.
General characteristics of the area
To begin with, it is worth defining the Volga region. This word can be heard quite often, but not everyone knows exactly where it is located. So, this is a geographical area that includes several large territories. Generally speaking, it includes the territories adjacent to the Volga River. Thus, it can be noted that in the Volga region there are several parts - the middle and lower reaches of the river. These areas are heavily dependent on the river economically. From the point of view of natural zones, the Volga region also includes territories that are located in the upper reaches of the river. This is truly a significant part of Russia, which makes a huge contribution to the economy and industry of the entire country, largely due to its favorable climate. and the resources of the Volga region help this area produce large quantities of livestock and agricultural products.
Where is this area located?
Now it’s worth telling more precisely where these wonderful territories are located. as already mentioned, it significantly contributes to the development of many sectors of the economy. It would be interesting to know which regions are included in it. Among them are:
- Upper Volga (this includes regions such as Moscow, Yaroslavl, Kostroma and others);
- Middle Volga (includes Ulyanovsk and Samara regions, and others);
- Lower Volga (includes the Republic of Tatarstan, several regions: Ulyanovsk, Saratov and others).
Thus, it becomes clear that this area truly covers a huge area. So we've looked at geographical location Volga region, and now it’s worth talking about its natural and climatic conditions.
Climate of the Volga region
If we consider such a large geographical area, of course, it is necessary to talk separately about its climate, since in different parts it can be very different. As for the relief, plains and lowlands predominate here. The climate in some parts of the region is temperate continental, in others it is continental. Summer is usually warm, in July the average temperature reaches about +22 - +25 C. Winter is relatively cold, the average January temperature ranges from -10 C to -15 C.
It is also interesting to consider the natural areas in which the Volga region lies. They also vary greatly from north to south of the region. This includes mixed forest, forest-steppe, steppe and even semi-deserts. Thus, it becomes clear what climatic and natural zones the Volga region covers. Natural resources are also found here in large quantities. It is worth telling more about them.
What natural resources is the Volga region rich in: water, agricultural, oil
Since the area covers a large number of natural zones, we can safely talk about the diversity of resources in it. Of course, first of all, it is worth noting that the Volga region is rich in water resources. With their help, the area receives a significant amount of electricity. There are many hydroelectric power stations located on the Volga, among which we can especially note the hydroelectric power stations in Dubna, Uglich and Rybinsk, in Cheboksary. You can also often hear about Zhigulevskaya, Saratovskaya and Thus, we can say that water resources make up a significant share in this area.
The Volga region is also rich in fertile soils, which are also represented here by black soil, which is conducive to the cultivation of agricultural crops. If we talk about the economy of the region in general, then most of it is occupied by fodder crops (almost 70%), as well as grains (more than 20%). You can also often find vegetable and melon crops (about 4%).
It is also necessary to note the oil resources in the Volga region. Oil was found here a very long time ago, but its production in the area began in the middle of the 20th century. Now there are about 150 deposits that are actively being developed. The largest number of them are located in Tatarstan, as well as in the Samara region.
Other natural resources
It is worth telling about other things that the Volga region is rich in. Natural resources here, as already mentioned, are very diverse. Many people like to relax on the Volga, and this is not at all surprising. The area is well-saturated with recreational resources. Holidays in these places have always been popular; the local nature perfectly promotes relaxation. Such popularity of tourism in the Volga region is due to the favorable climate, as well as the large number of cultural monuments and attractions in these places.
Among natural resources, it is worth highlighting biological ones. The Volga region has a huge number of animals, both forage and wild. There are many species of birds found here. In the reservoirs of the Volga region you can also find various types of fish. There are even rare sturgeon species found here.
So, now we know what you can see when going to the Volga region. The natural resources here amaze with their abundance and diversity.
Population of the area
Now it’s worth talking separately about the area. Conventionally, the region can be divided into several parts, among which stands out. It includes Mordovia, Bashkiria, Penza region and Perm region. The population here is about 30 million people. Most people live in cities.
Volga-Vyatka economic region. Significantly fewer people live here than in the previous area. The population is about 7.5 million people. Most also live in large populated areas.
The population in this area is about 17 million people. Of these, more than 70% live in cities.
Now it becomes clear that the Volga region is a truly large region, the population of which is extremely large. In addition, there are many large settlements, some of them are million-plus cities. Thus, we examined in detail the Volga region, the population, natural resources and economy of this area. It really is of great importance for the whole country.
Based on the totality of natural factors, the Volga region is one of the regions of the Russian Federation favorable for integrated development.
The climate in the Volga region is continental. Significant fluctuations in summer and winter temperatures are observed here: average temperatures in January range from -13.6C in Kazan to -6C in the Volga delta, in July - from +20 to +25C, respectively. The amount of precipitation decreases from north to south and from west to east from 500 to 300 mm. Minimum quantity precipitation falls in the Caspian lowland - from 200 to 170 mm. In the Middle and Lower Volga region, especially its Trans-Volga part, anticyclones predominate, which causes frequent droughts that negatively affect agriculture.
The Volga region is located in several natural areas. The northern part is in the zone of coniferous and mixed forests and podzolic soils. The right bank of the Volga, up to the city of Volsk (Saratov region), is occupied by forest-steppe. On the left bank, the forest-steppe already south of Samarskaya Luka turns into a steppe. The soils of the forest-steppe are gray, podzolized in the north, rich chernozems in the south. The steppe is characterized by dark chestnut, ordinary and southern chernozems. The Caspian lowland is occupied by a semi-desert, where the vegetation is represented by wormwood, cereals, saltworts, and the soils are solonetzic, light chestnut in combination with solonetzes. The Volga-Akhtuba floodplain with fertile alluvial soils, floodplain forests and meadows stands out as an oasis in the semi-desert zone.
The land fund of the region is characterized by the following structure: agricultural lands - 75.6%, lands in the forest fund - 10.7%, under water - 4.7%, residential areas - 7.9% and others - 1.1%.
The area of agricultural land is 40.6 million hectares, including arable land - 24.7 million hectares. The provision of arable land per resident is 1.5 hectares, which is 0.6 hectares higher than in Russia as a whole. Almost the entire land fund in the region is involved in turnover; reserve lands make up only 0.07%.
About 60% of agricultural land falls on fertile chernozem and chestnut soils. A special problem for the land resources of the Volga region is their susceptibility to water (7.1 million hectares, or 28.6%) and wind (6.2 million hectares, or 25%) erosion. In this regard, it is necessary to introduce a set of anti-erosion measures into production everywhere.
The region has about 5 million hectares, or 20% of arable land, which is characterized by the presence of alkali and saline soils, which negatively affects agricultural yields, especially in dry years. To eliminate increased salinity and alkalinity, it is planned to expand work on all types of reclamation and soil treatment methods.
The Volga region is a large region of irrigated agriculture. As of November 1, 1990 The area of irrigated land was 1655.3 thousand hectares, or 30% of the total irrigation fund of Russia. However, in 1991 - 1996. the input of irrigated land was insignificant and the disposal of irrigated land (due to poor exploitation) outpaced the input, as a result of which the area of irrigated land decreased slightly during this period.
Irrigation is the most capital-intensive factor in the development of agriculture in the region. The bulk of the irrigated land is occupied by forage crops (about 70%), grains account for 22.5%, and potatoes, vegetables and melons - 4.3%. The designed yield is achieved on only 50% of the irrigated lands used, which is due to insufficiently high agricultural technology for cultivating crops on irrigated lands. The integrated arrangement of reclamation systems does not meet the requirements placed on them by agricultural users. It is also necessary to use not only water, but also “dry” reclamation, which is no less effective in the conditions of the Volga region. The main directions in the land use of the region should be the comprehensive protection of resources from negative anthropogenic processes and increasing the productivity of agricultural land resources, which has currently sharply decreased.
The Volga region has significant water resources, the total average annual flow is estimated at 292 cubic meters. km. The local average annual flow is 68.2 cubic meters. km. A significant part of the country's accumulated water resources is concentrated in the area's reservoirs (with a useful capacity of 52 cubic km). Hydropower resources amount to 8.1 million kW, the degree of their development is 73%.
The volume of water consumption in the national economy of the Volga region is about 20 cubic meters. km per year, including: evaporation from the water surface of rivers and reservoirs - more than 7 cubic meters. km. Of the total amount of water consumed, about 14 cubic meters. km, or more than 70% is taken from surface sources, about 8% from underground, and 1/5 is obtained from adjacent territories.
In the future, due to a significant increase in water consumption, the supply of water resources to the region will sharply decrease and in low-water conditions there will be a lack of water for needs national economy will spread to the basins of all rivers in the region. Eliminating this deficit will require the implementation of a number of measures to conserve water resources.
In terms of forest resources, the area is classified as sparsely forested. The forest fund is dominated by soft-leaved species. The forested area has increased from 3894 thousand hectares in 1973. up to 3920 thousand hectares in 1983 Wood reserves increased even more over the years, respectively, from 495 to 504 and 545 million cubic meters. m. The increase was due to soft-leaved species, the cutting area for which is regularly not fully used. The utilization of the cutting area as a whole is 70%. In the future, the importance of forest resources will continue to be small, but the environmental role of the Volga region forests will increase noticeably.
The area has excellent recreational resources. Holidays on the Volga have always been considered one of the most popular and in demand in the tourism market. The favorable climate and richness of historical monuments in the cities of the Volga region are a powerful incentive for the development of the recreational sector.
The area has a variety of biological resources, such as food, wild animals and birds, rich resources of valuable sturgeon and particulate fish.
On the territory of the Volga region there is part of the Volga-Ural oil base. Oil in the Volga region was discovered in the pre-war period, but began to be developed in the 50s. Before the discovery and large-scale development of oil fields in Western Siberia The Volga region held first place in the country in terms of oil reserves and production.
Geology plays a major role in the discovery and development of oil resources in the Volga region. In addition, the technology that allowed oilmen to carry out deep drilling of wells, including in hard rocks (turbo- and electric drills), as well as modern methods more complete oil extraction (forced increase in reservoir pressure), methods for purifying it from sulfur and paraffin, which, in turn, become additional valuable commercial products. The Volga oil fields are rich in associated gases.
Currently, oil is produced almost throughout the Volga region, in more than 150 fields. The richest deposits in the Middle Volga region are in the Republic of Tatarstan (Romashkinskoye deposit near Almetyevsk, Novo-Elkhovskoye, Shugarovskoye and Bavlinskoye deposits) and in the left bank part of the Samara region (approximately 130 deposits have been identified, of which 67 are being exploited). The Volga region is characterized by the concentration of the predominant part of oil and gas reserves in large fields, which allows production by a relatively small number of wells. The most significant deposits in the Saamara region are: Mukhanovskoye (in the Otradnoye area), Dmitrovskoye and Kuleshovskoye (Neftegorsk). There are oil fields in the Saratov and Volgograd regions.
Oil in the Volga region lies at a depth of 2 to 5 km. Often its layers are covered with hard crystalline rocks, making it difficult to drill wells. The quality of oil in the Volga region is not the same. Most are characterized by a high specific gravity of light fractions and aromatic hydrocarbons, increasing its value, but in some cases it contains a significant percentage of sulfur (3% or more) and paraffin. The presence of sulfur in oil and petroleum products leads to corrosion of pipelines, engines and pollutes environment. Therefore, such oil is pre-purified.
Until recently, oil reserves in the Volga region provided raw materials for the oil refining industry not only in the Volga region, but also in other regions of the country. The Druzhba oil pipeline was laid from the Volga region to Europe. But at present, due to the depletion of reserves in the largest fields and the active development of Western Siberian fields, the region’s share in all-Russian oil production is constantly decreasing. However, the ongoing assessment of the oil content of the Paleozoic carbonate strata of Tatarstan showed that they contain significant oil reserves.
In the Saratov and Volgograd regions, promising areas have been discovered and prepared for deep exploration drilling; a relatively new Nizhne-Korobkovskoye field is being developed near Volgograd; industrial accumulations of oil and gas are known in the Republic of Kalmykia.
Coal and carbonate deposits along the northern waters of the Caspian Sea are promising for oil production. Newly discovered oil horizons make it possible to maintain oil production volumes at a high level. Consequently, the area will remain an important oil base for the country.
Deposits natural gas Volgograd and Saratov regions stand out. The largest gas condensate field has been discovered and is being exploited in the Astrakhan region. This field is unique in the composition of its oil and gas products. Natural gas is also available in the Republic of Kalmykia. Associated petroleum gases are also produced in the region.
In the last decade, the role of the Volga region as an oil-producing region has changed. The most accessible and effective deposits have been depleted. Oil production decreased from 112.8 million tons in 1980. up to 55.6 million tons in 1990 and up to 42.5 million tons in 1995. Due to depletion of reserves, the Volga region is experiencing an oil shortage and is forced to increasingly use West Siberian oil.
From 1980 to 1990 Gas production in the region decreased from 9 to 6.4 billion cubic meters. m. The depletion of gas reserves is planned to be replenished at the expense of the Astrakhan field and fields in the Republic of Kalmykia. A limiting factor in the development of these fields is the lack of domestic equipment with increased resistance to aggressive gas components.
By 1995 there was a drop in the production of primary energy resources from 105 million tons. t. in the mid-80s. up to 65 million tons of fuel equivalent Consumption of fuel and energy resources increased accordingly from 130 to 160 million tons of fuel equivalent. As follows from the analysis of the expenditure side of the energy balance, more than 50% of total consumption comes from gas and oil.
Thus, the region is experiencing a real deficit in the production of its own primary resources, so it is necessary to curb the growth of energy-intensive industries.
Oil shale reserves in the region are quite large in the Samara and Saratov regions, but the cost of production is high, so their use as fuel is unprofitable. Shales from the Kashpir deposit are used in the pharmaceutical industry.
There are brown coals in the Republic of Tatarstan, but they are not being developed yet.
The Volga region has significant resources of chemical raw materials. In the Samara region there is native sulfur, the main deposits of which are Alekseevskoye, Vodninskoye, Syreyskoye, etc. In the Volgograd and Astrakhan regions in lakes Elton and Baskunchak there are reserves of table self-planted salt. Containing various valuable components. These types of raw materials are the basis for the development of chlorine, soda, and other branches of the chemical and powerful salt industry.
The region is rich in mineral building materials. The reserves of glass sand and cement raw materials are especially large. For example, marls are concentrated near Volsk (Saratov region) and are used for the production of high-grade cement; chalk and clay are found in the Saratov region near Volynsk and Khvalynsk, in the Samara region near Syzran and Zhigulevsk.
If we evaluate the natural factors of the Volga region as a whole, then it is permissible to include it in the group of regions of the country where excellent conditions have been created for integrated development.
The Volga region is characterized by the presence of a continental climate, which to a certain extent influenced the natural resources of the Volga region. In this area, air temperatures in winter and summer can fluctuate greatly. So, in January, temperature differences can range from - 13.6 C in Kazan to -6 C in the Volga delta. In July, temperature fluctuations can range from +20 to +25C, respectively. Precipitation is extremely unevenly distributed over the territory: when moving in the direction from north to south and from west to east, instead of the initial 500 mm, its amount gradually reaches 300 mm. The driest areas are in the Caspian lowland, where precipitation amounts to about 200-170 mm. The Middle and Lower Volga regions, primarily its Trans-Volga part, are distinguished by the constant presence of anticyclones here. They are the cause of frequent droughts, which greatly harm agriculture.
Location
The location features of the Volga region allow it to cover the following natural zones of the Volga region.
If you move in a northerly direction, you will find yourself in a zone of coniferous and mixed forests and podzolic soils.
Throughout the territory right side from the Volga River, including all the way to the city of Volsk, there is a forest-steppe. If you move along the left bank in a southern direction from Samarskaya Luka, the forest-steppe begins to gradually give way to steppe.
Forest-steppes are characterized by the presence of gray soils, which in the northern part become podzolized, and when moving southward, rich chernozems begin to appear.
Along with dark chestnut soils, ordinary and southern chernozems predominate in the steppe.
The entire territory of the Caspian lowland is a semi-desert, in which the vegetation includes wormwood, cereals, and solyanka. As for the soils, the soils are mostly solonetzic and light chestnut, often supplemented by solonetzes.
The Volga-Akhtuba floodplain, which is located in a semi-desert zone, is considered a kind of oasis. What makes it so is the presence of fertile alluvial soils, as well as floodplain forests and meadows.
Natural resources
In this area, the natural resources of the Volga region are very diverse. Land intended for use for agricultural purposes has an area of 40.6 million hectares. Among them, arable land accounts for 24.7 million hectares. It turns out that each resident of the region is provided with 1.5 hectares. This figure exceeds the all-Russian value by 0.6 hectares.
The overwhelming majority of the land fund in the Volga region is used for one purpose or another. Lands that are listed as reserves have a share of 0.07%.
There are many water resources in the area. It is estimated that the average annual flow is 292 cubic meters. m. As for the local average annual flow, its volume is 68.2 cubic meters. m. The reservoirs of the Volga region include a large volume of accumulated water resources of the country. If we talk about the potential of hydropower resources, it is equal to 8.1 million kW. At the same time, their level of development is 73%.
If we evaluate the Volga region by such an indicator as the provision of forest resources, then it can be included in the category of sparsely forested areas. In the structure of the forest fund, a significant share is made up of soft-leaved species. According to 1973 data, the area forest areas amounted to 3894 thousand hectares. After ten years, it was able to expand to 3,920 thousand hectares. An even more significant increase was observed in these same years in relation to timber reserves, which instead of the previous 495 became 504 million cubic meters. m.
The Volga region is where the Volga-Ural oil base is partially located. Information about the presence of oil reserves in the area was received before the war, but development of the fields began only in the 50s. Even before significant oil reserves were discovered in Western Siberia, it was the Volga region that was the leader in Russia in terms of the volume of oil reserves and its production.
In the modern period, its extraction is carried out almost throughout the entire territory of the region, where over 150 deposits have so far been discovered. Those located in the Middle Volga region have the greatest potential. We are talking about the Republic of Tatarstan, as well as the territory of the Samara region, located on the left bank.
There are also natural gas reserves in the Volga region, the most significant of which are located in the Volgograd and Saratov regions. At the moment, among others, there is no equal to the Astrakhan gas condensate field, which continues to be exploited to this day. It is distinguished by the structure of oil and gas products that this field contains. Along with this, gas reserves are also present in the Republic of Kalmykia. Associated petroleum gases are also being actively extracted.
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Astrakhan, Volgograd, Penza, Samara, Saratov, Ulyanovsk regions. Republics of Tatarstan and Kalmykia.
Economic and geographical location.
The Volga region stretches for almost 1.5 thousand km along the Volga from the confluence of the left tributary of the Kama to the Caspian Sea. Territory - 536 thousand km 2.
The EGP of this area is extremely profitable. The Volga region directly borders the highly developed Volga-Vyatka, Central Black Earth, Ural and North Caucasus economic regions of the Russian Federation, as well as Kazakhstan. A dense network of transport routes (railway and road) contributes to the establishment of broad inter-district production connections in the Volga region. The Volga-Kama river route gives access to the Caspian, Azov, Black, Baltic, and White seas. The presence of rich oil and gas fields and the use of pipelines passing through this area also confirm the profitability of the area's EGP.
Natural conditions and resources.
The Volga region has favorable natural conditions for living and farming. The climate is temperate continental. The area is rich in land and water resources. However, in the lower Volga region there are droughts, accompanied by dry winds that are destructive to crops.
The relief of this area is varied. The western part (the right bank of the Volga) is elevated, hilly (the Volga Upland passes into low mountains). The eastern part (left bank) is a slightly hilly plain.
Natural and climatic conditions, terrain and the large extent of the region in the meridional direction determine the diversity of soils and vegetation. In the latitudinal direction from north to south, natural zones successively replace each other - forest, forest-steppe, steppe, then giving way to sultry semi-deserts.
The area is rich in mineral resources. They extract oil, gas, sulfur, table salt, and raw materials for the production of building materials. Until the discovery of oil fields in Western Siberia, the Volga region held first place in terms of oil reserves and production in the country. Currently, the region ranks second in the extraction of this type of raw material after West Siberia. The main oil resources are located in Tatarstan and the Samara region, and gas resources in the Saratov, Volgograd and Astrakhan regions.
Population.
The population of the Volga region is 16.9 million people. The average population density is 30 people per 1 km 2, but it is unevenly distributed. More than half of the population is in the Samara, Saratov regions and Tatarstan. In the Samara region, the population density is the highest - 61 people per 1 km 2, and in Kalmykia - the minimum (4 people per 1 km 2).
IN national structure The population is dominated by Russians. Tatars and Kalmyks live compactly. The share of Chuvash and Mari among the residents of the region is noticeable. The population of the Republic of Tatarstan is 3.7 million people. (among them Russians - about 40%). About 320 thousand people live in Kalmykia. (the share of Russians is more than 30%).
The Volga region is an urbanized region. 73% of all residents live in cities and urban-type settlements. The overwhelming majority of the urban population is concentrated in regional centers and capitals national republics and large industrial cities. Among them, the millionaire cities of Samara, Kazan, and Volgograd stand out.
Farming.
In terms of the level of development of a number of industries, the region is not much inferior to highly industrialized regions, such as Central and Ural, and in some cases even surpasses them. This is one of the leading areas of the oil production, oil refining and petrochemical industries. The Volga region is the largest region of diversified agriculture. The region accounts for 20% of the gross grain harvest. The Volga economic region is distinguished by its great activity in foreign economic relations of Russia.
The main branches of industry specialization in the Volga region are oil and oil refining, gas and chemical, as well as electric power, complex mechanical engineering and the production of building materials.
The Volga region ranks second in Russia after the West Siberian economic region in oil and gas production. The amount of extracted fuel resources exceeds the needs of the region. The favorable transport and geographical position of the region led to the emergence of a whole system of main oil pipelines running both in the western and in east direction, many of which are now of international importance.
The formation of a new oil base in Western Siberia changed the orientation of the main oil flows. Now the Volga region pipelines are “turned” entirely to the west.
The region's oil refineries (Syzran, Samara, Volgograd, Nizhnekamsk, Novokuibyshevsk, etc.) process not only their own oil, but also the oil of Western Siberia. Refineries and petrochemicals are closely related. Along with natural gas, associated gas is extracted and processed, which is used in the chemical industry.
The chemical industry of the Volga region is represented by mining chemistry (extraction of sulfur and table salt), chemistry of organic synthesis, and polymer production. The largest centers: Nizhnekamsk, Samara, Kazan, Syzran, Saratov, Volzhsky, Togliatti. In the industrial hubs of Samara - Togliatti, Saratov - Engels, Volgograd - Volzhsky, energy and petrochemical production cycles have developed. They are geographically close to the production of energy, petroleum products, alcohols, synthetic rubber, and plastics.
The development of the energy, oil and gas and chemical industries accelerated the development of mechanical engineering in the area. Developed transport connections, availability of qualified personnel, proximity to Central region necessitated the creation of instrument and machine tool factories (Penza, Samara, Ulyanovsk, Saratov, Volzhsky, Kazan). The aircraft industry is represented in Samara and Saratov. But the automotive industry especially stands out in the Volga region. The most famous are the factories Ulyanovsk (UAZ cars), Togliatti (Zhiguli), Naberezhnye Chelny (KAMAZ trucks), Engels (trolleybuses).
The food industry remains important. The Caspian Sea and the mouth of the Volga are the most important inland fishing basin in Russia. However, it should be noted that with the development of petrochemistry, chemistry and the construction of large engineering plants, the ecological condition of the Volga River has sharply deteriorated.
Agro-industrial complex.
In the region, located in forest and semi-desert natural zones, the leading role in agriculture belongs to livestock farming. In the forest-steppe and steppe zones - crop production.
It is the regions of the Middle Volga region that have the highest arable land (up to 50%). The grain region is located approximately from the latitude of Kazan to the latitude of Samara (rye and winter wheat are grown). Plantings of industrial crops are widespread; for example, mustard crops account for 90% of the crops of this crop in Russia. Livestock farming for meat and dairy production is also developed here.
Sheep breeding farms are located south of Volgograd. In the area between the Volga and Akhtuba rivers, vegetables and melons, as well as rice, are grown.
Fuel and energy complex.
The region is fully supplied with fuel resources (oil and gas). The energy sector of the region is of national importance. The Volga region specializes in the production of electricity (more than 10% of all-Russian production), which it supplies to other regions of Russia.
The basis of the energy sector is the Volzhskaya-Kama cascade hydroelectric power stations (Volzhskaya near Samara, Saratovskaya, Nizhnekamskaya, Volzhskaya near Volgograd, etc.). The cost of energy generated at these hydroelectric power stations is the lowest in the European part of the Russian Federation.
Numerous thermal stations located in cities where oil refining and petrochemical industries are developed use local raw materials (fuel oil and gas). The share of thermal stations in the total electricity production is approximately 3/5. The largest thermal station in the region is the Zainskaya State District Power Plant in Tatarstan, which runs on gas.
The Balakovo (Saratov) NPP is also operational.
Transport.
The transport network of the region is formed by the Volga and the automobile and railways, as well as a network of pipelines and power lines. The Volga-Don Canal connects the waters of the largest rivers in the European part of Russia - the Volga and Don (exit to the Sea of Azov).
Oil and gas from the region are supplied through pipelines to the regions of Central Russia and to countries of the “near” and “far” abroad. The Druzhba oil pipeline system is of international importance - from Almetyevsk through Samara, Bryansk to Mozyr (Belarus), then the oil pipeline branches into 2 sections: the northern one - through the territory of Belarus, then to Poland, Germany and the southern one - through the territory of Ukraine, then to Hungary, Slovakia. The oil pipeline has a branch - Unecha-Polotsk-Ventspils (Lithuania), Mazeikiai (Latvia)
Topic: Volga region: GP and nature.
Target: Describe the EGP of the region, natural conditions and resources.
Tasks:
Show the role of the Volga in the development of the region's economy.
To generate knowledge about the territorial structure and specialization of the Volga region.
To foster a sense of pride in one’s country and an interest in studying one’s native land.
Equipment:
Socio-economic map of Russia, Physical map of Russia
Waybill (Appendix 1)
Projector
Computer
Screen
Lesson progress
I. Organizational moment
II. Teacher's opening speech.
S-1.
From here, from here,
From the depths of a forest spring,
A blue miracle runs out
Russian great river.
A light house, like a girl's light,
Elm, alder, dark spruce.
Stop, people! The Volga was born here!
This is her home and her cradle!
- You You’ve probably already guessed which economic region we will study today in the lesson, the name of which is related to the name of the Great Russian River Volga.
So, today we will get acquainted with the Volga economic region.
Open your notebooks, write down the date, month and topic of the lesson:S-2 . Volga region GP and nature.
Based on the topic of the lesson, formulate the purpose of our lesson:Give a description (study, consider, etc.)) of the region's natural resources and natural conditions. To achieve our goal, we must study the composition and GP of the region using maps, identify the features of natural conditions and consider the natural resources of the region.
I wish you success in the lesson, I believe that our meeting will be interesting and educational.
II I. Learning new material
The Volga region is a geographical region located between Central Russia and the Urals, clearly visible on any map due to its clear core - the Volga River. Traditionally, the Volga region includes the territory along the middle and lower reaches of the river.
-Exercise Determine and write down the composition of the district in a notebook. I work in pairs.
Where can I get information?atlas maps p. 36 - 37, map diagram of the textbook on p. 156
(Students’ answer: 2 republics of Tatarstan (capital Kazan), Kalmykia (capital Elista); 6 regions: Ulyanovsk, Samara, Penza (no access to the Volga), Saratov, Volgograd, Astrakhan).
- Exercise Go to the map, name and show the territories included in the district in order from south to north.
- Are there any patterns in the location of territories and large cities?
(Students’ answer: they replace each other along the Volga)
- Why do you think Astrakhan, Volgograd, Samara were built in these places, and not downstream or upstream of the Volga?
(Students’ answer: after the annexation of the Kazan and Astrakhan Khanates to Russia, at the end of the 16th century, the first Russian defensive points appeared on the Volga - guard cities - fortresses (Volgograd, Samar, Astrakhan became the southern sea “gates” of Russia, and then transport and trade hubs located on key transport intersections).
It is clear that close economic ties have developed between the cities. Thus, the Volga is (continue the sentence) the main regional forming factor.Write this down in your notebook. This main feature district.
You have materials on your desks. FindAppendix 1. Now you will work together and compile a description of the EGP.
1. EGP Fig. 6 p. 21
The Volga economic region stretches from north to south for 1,500 kilometers along the natural axis on both banks - the Volga River in the middle and lower reaches. The Volga is a connecting link between the republics and regions of the region and regions of the European part. The Volga region is located between the industrial cores of Russia - Central Russia and the Urals. The Volga region is a border region, as it shares a border with Kazakhstan. Neighbor in the south is the North Caucasus.The transport and geographical position of the region is very favorable: a navigable river, transit railways, roads, oil and gas pipelines cross the Volga region from west to east (in the latitudinal direction) and along the Volga from north to south. Despite the fact that the Volga region is remote from the World Ocean, the Volga-Don Canal and the Volga-Baltic Route provide communication with the Azov, Black and Baltic seas. Along the Volga there is access to the Caspian Sea. For the development of economic ties with adjacent economic regions (Volga-Vyatka, Central Black Earth, North Caucasus, Ural), the geographical position of the Volga region is very favorable.
2. Natural conditions
The Volga region has a variety of natural resources, among which agroclimatic resources, oil, gas, table salt and fish.Geologically, the Volga region is a sedimentary cover of the ancient Russian platform, therefore the relief is flat. Lowlands (and hilly plains) predominate. The natural conditions of the Volga region are determined not only by the region's natural resources, but also by the Volga itself. The right bank, right up to Volgograd, is occupied by the Volga Upland. Maximum height above sea level is 370 m. The left bank of the Volga (Low Trans-Volga region is occupied by flat above-floodplain terraces for many kilometers. In the south of the Volga region there is the Caspian lowland (-27 m). The relief is favorable, picturesque and provides an opportunity for the development of tourism.
Position on V and on south-west The Russian Plain and the elongation of the region also affects the climate
The climate is temperate continental and continental. Summer is warm, with an average monthly air temperature in July of +22° - +25°C; winter is quite cold, the average monthly air temperature in January and February is −10° - −15°С.
In the Volga region, the law of latitudinal zoning is clearly visible. Due to the elongation of the region from north to south, natural zones successively change from mixed forests in Tatarstan to semi-deserts in the Astrakhan region. Most of the territory (within the forest-steppe and steppe zones) has favorable natural conditions for the development of agriculture. The exception is Kalmykia, whose territory is characterized by an arid climate and significant soil salinity.
However, Kalmykia has good resources of forage steppe grasses. The pastures of Kalmykia are used for the development of sheep breeding.
3. Exercise:
Identify the natural resources of the Volga region. Assess the mineral, agroclimatic, land, water and fish resources of the Volga region. Draw a conclusion.
Students can choose the type of work:
1) Work on a contour map.
Using the map of the Volga region (atlas), students determine that in the Volga region:
a) oil and gas production is underway (Tatary, Samara and Astrakhan regions);
b) table salt from lakes Elton and Baskunchak;
c) building materials.
2. Agroclimatic and land resources (conditions for the development of the agro-industrial complex).
3. Water resources of the Volga River reservoirs.
4. Fish resources are, first of all, sturgeon (90% of world reserves) of the Caspian Sea.
2) Filling out the table.
Natural resourceIndustry of specialization
Industrial centers
The column “Industrial centers” is filled out in the next lesson on the topic “Economy of the Volga region”.
3) Logic reference circuit.
Conclusion: Natural resources are diverse and make it possible to develop in the Volga region:
1) agro-industrial complex (agriculture, food);
2) chemical industry;
3) oil refining (oil and gas).
Consolidation.
1. The Volga economic region includes the following constituent entities of the Russian Federation...
a) Samara region;
b) Republic of Tatarstan;
V) Ulyanovsk region;
d) Republic of Udmurtia;
d) Rostov region.
2. On the banks of the Volga there are cities...
a) Kazan;
b) Penza;
c) Samara;
d) Elista.
3. Place the cities of the Volga in the direction from the source of the Volga to its mouth (from north to south):
a) Samara; 3
b) Saratov;4
c) Kazan;1
d) Ulyanovsk;2
d) Astrakhan;6
e) Volgograd.5
4. Arrange the natural zones of the Volga region in accordance with the law of latitudinal zoning (from north to south):
a) semi-deserts; 4
b) steppes;3
c) forest-steppe; 2
d) mixed forests.1
5. Natural resources of the Volga region are...
a) aquatic;
b) hydropower;
c) agroclimatic;
d) fuel;
e) ore;
Lesson summary. Assessment, salary 34. abstract. Record tab p.163 /ind.Kazan, Samara, Valgograd./