All about the Universe
Astronomy page
Question: What is the Universe? The Universe is outer space filled with celestial bodies, gas and dust
This is interesting. The Universe is so huge that it is impossible to comprehend its size. Let's talk about the Universe: the part of it that is visible to us extends over 1.6 million million million million km - and no one knows how large it is beyond the visible. According to the most popular theory, 13 billion years ago it was born as a result of a giant explosion. Time, space, energy, matter - all this arose as a result of this phenomenal explosion. It’s pointless to say what happened before the so-called “big bang”, there was nothing before it
Historical page
Ancient Egyptians. Ancient Babylonians. Ancient Indians. Ancient people's idea of the universe
Connect the models of the Universe and their creators with lines.
Continuers of the idea of Copernicus Giordano Bruno Galileo Galilei
Literary page “Solar System”
This yellow star always warms us, illuminates all planets, and protects us from other stars.
Six sons and two daughters are running around the light, Years and days will flash by, But they will not meet.
The tiny planet is warmed first by the Sun, and is agile - the year on it is Eighty-eight days.
Only the Sun and Moon in the sky are brighter than her. Yes, and hot planet B solar system There is not.
There are miracles on the planet: Oceans and forests, Oxygen is in the atmosphere, People and animals breathe it.
Kamenyuki Fear and Horror are circling over the red planet. There is no mountain anywhere in the world Higher than on that planet.
A heavyweight giant Throws lightning from the sky, He's striped like a cat, It's a pity he's losing weight little by little.
Lush gas giant Brother of Jupiter and dandy He loves to have Rings of ice and dust nearby.
He has been a Greek among his Roman brothers for many centuries, And rushes through the cosmos of melancholy, lying on his side.
On the planet blue, the wind is blowing very strong. The year on it is very long - winter lasts 40 years.
It takes five hours for the light to reach that planet, and therefore it is not visible in telescopes.
Map of the Solar System (compiled by Petya) Pluto Mercury Neptune Uranus Mars Venus Earth Saturn Jupiter
Cosmic physical exercise: Cosmic physical exercise
Astronomy page
Asteroids
Meteorites
THINK! Specify our Galaxy
Geographic page
Infinite:_________ Our Galaxy ____________________ Solar system Planet _____________ Continent _____________ ______________ region District _______________ District _______________ Village ________________ Infinite Universe and our address in it:
Infinite: Universe Our Galaxy Milky Way Solar System Planet Earth Continent Eurasia Tyumen Region Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug District Priuralsky Village Katrovozh Infinite Universe and our address in it.
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Is our Universe infinite? Prepared by student 11-A SZSh No. 80 Gerasimenko Karina
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OBVIOUS ARGUMENTS ARE PROVIDED BY SCIENTISTS: Photometric paradox. If our Universe were infinite, and there were an unlimited number of stars in it, then on any line of our vision there would be a luminous star, and the sky would be unimaginably bright and completely dotted with stars. However, we do not observe this because the number of stars and galaxies in the Universe is limited and can be counted.
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Gravitational paradox. If there were an infinite number of cosmic objects in our Universe, then the force of gravity would become so great that any movement of material bodies in the Universe would simply be impossible.
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Radioactive decay of matter. All chemical elements, of which the substance consists, are radioactive to one degree or another and are subject to radioactive decay or annihilation. If the Universe existed for an infinitely long time, then within an eternity all matter would have annihilated long ago.
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Thermal paradox. Everywhere in the Universe, the law of entropy prevails, according to which energy or heat from hotter bodies moves to colder bodies until thermal equilibrium is established between them. This energy balance, if the Universe were eternal in time, would have been established long ago, but this does not happen and does not exist.
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Expansion of the Universe. The structure of the Universe is constantly expanding at an acceleration of 1/3 of its radius in about a million years. Its most distant galaxies are moving away from us at a speed of 150,000 kilometers per second. If this rate of expansion of the Universe is started in the opposite direction, then after about 14 billion years all the matter of the Universe will gather at one point. Consequently, our Universe arose approximately at that distant time, 13.7 billion years ago, as evidenced by the trace big bang– relict radiation.
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However, scientists admit: If the Universe is infinite, then from a mathematical point of view it turns out that somewhere there is an exact copy of our planet, since there is a possibility that the atoms of the “double” occupy the same position as on our planet. The chances that such an option exists are negligible, but infinite universe this is not only possible, but also must necessarily happen, and at least an infinite number of times, provided that the Universe is still infinitely infinite.
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However, not everyone is convinced that the Universe is infinite. Israeli mathematician, Professor Doron Selberger, is convinced that numbers cannot increase indefinitely, and there is such a huge number that if you add one to it, you get zero. However, this number and its meaning are far beyond human understanding and it is likely that this number will never be found or proven. This belief is the central tenet of the mathematical philosophy known as Ultra-Infinity.
“Cosmic Life” - Belka and Strelka. Yuri Alekseevich Gagarin. Solar system. FIRST WOMAN COSMONAUT Valentina Tereshkova. The first man on the moon. Baikonur Cosmodrome. The work was completed by Victoria Akishina, 2nd grade student “A” of State Budget Educational Institution Gymnasium No. 1597. Our Universe. Spaceship "VOSTOK". The first Soviet cosmonauts.
"Space Research" - Space Education. Preparation of the program for the International Geophysical Year IGY’1957. Continuous global observations are needed to study and predict “space weather.” The period of active existence is at least 2 years. As a result of an ordinary breakdown in a strong electric field, the resulting high-energy electrons escape.
“Game about space” - 500. “Vostok – 7”. In what year did the first manned space flight take place? 1200. 400. Bug. Game over Your score: 0. "Sunrise". Who was the first person to fly into space? 100. Game over Your score: 800. Geese. "Children of the Galaxy" 600. Yu. Gagarin.
"Conquest of Space" - Conquest of Space. On April 12, 1961, the Vostok spacecraft rose to an altitude of 327 km. A monument was erected at the landing site of Yuri Gagarin. Cosmonaut No. 2. First flight into space. Gymnasium 42. Fly like birds! First out in open space Alexey Leonov. The first aircraft designers. Our fellow countryman German Titov was the second to fly into space.
“The problem of space exploration” - Space debris is dangerous not only for astronauts and space technology, but also for earthlings. Moreover, a distinction is made between observable and unobservable space debris, the amount of which is unknown. Problems of global space exploration. Therefore, space exploration has become one of the most important international and global problems.
“The History of Space” - We were faced with the difficult task of embracing the immensity. S.P. Korolev. With a diameter of 580 mm, the mass of the first satellite was 83.6 kg. Therefore, in my creative work We limited ourselves to studying the development of astronautics in Russia. In 1947 he graduated from the Mariinsky Posad Forestry Technical School. Tsiolkovsky developed the theory of jet propulsion, the basis of modern rocket and space technology.
There are 38 presentations in total
Universe
Slides: 26 Words: 139 Sounds: 0 Effects: 56Universe. Celestial bodies: - stars; - planets; - satellites of the planets; - asteroids; - comets. Ideas about the structure of the Universe. Ptolemy. Aristotle. Copernicus. Solar system. Composition of the Solar System. Planets Stars Asteroids Comets Meteors and meteorites The Sun is the center of the Solar System. Planets. Terrestrial group Mercury Venus Earth Mars. Giant planets Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune. the smallest is Pluto. Jupiter. Saturn. Neptune. Uranus. Comet. Constellations. Assignments: What is the Universe? What is the Solar System? What two groups are planets divided into? What is the difference between a meteor and a meteorite? - Universe.ppt
universe space
Slides: 7 Words: 218 Sounds: 0 Effects: 0Space. The universe is the totality of everything that exists physically. The starry sky is a small part of the boundless space. What's next? Are there other creatures like us somewhere else? What to expect from space - good or evil? What is space? The first space photographs were taken in 1961 by German Titov. At the same time, visual observation began earth's surface crews of spaceships. You can see the entire Dnieper - from source to mouth. - Universe space.ppt
Star Universe
Slides: 25 Words: 1386 Sounds: 0 Effects: 43Universe. Space. Ancient people. Centuries have passed. Stars. Sun. Different stars. Planets. Solar system. Mercury. Venus. Earth. Moon. Mars. Jupiter. Saturn. Uranus. Neptune. Pluto. Astronomical counting table. Asteroids. Test yourself. - Star Universe.pptx
Structure of the Universe
Slides: 47 Words: 1175 Sounds: 0 Effects: 0The structure of the Universe. Structural-scale “ladder”. Ladder. Structural-time “scale”. “Cellular” structure of the Metagalaxy. “Flat” structure of the Metagalaxy. Superclusters of Galaxies. Observatory. The largest structure in the Universe. Structure. Groups of Galaxies. Local group of galaxies. Galaxies. Milky Way. Star clusters. Planetary systems. Systems. Neighborhood. Solar system. System. Nemesis. Oort cloud. Asteroid belt. Largest asteroids. Asteroid belt "Inner". Asteroids. “Gravity” map in conventional colors. Crater. Snow. Quicksand. - Structure of the Universe.ppt
Models of the Universe
Slides: 27 Words: 859 Sounds: 0 Effects: 29Models of the Universe. Anaximander. Questions. The structure of the Universe. Pythagoras of Samos. The system of the world of the Pythagorean Philolaus. Direct and retrograde motion of planets. Aristotle. Aristarchus of Samos. Claudius Ptolemy. Location celestial bodies. Sun. Heliocentric system. Monument to Copernicus in Warsaw. Monument to Copernicus. Giordano Bruno. A number of guesses. Monument to Giordano Bruno. Galileo. Galileo decides to publicly renounce his faith. Telescope. Tombstone. Ancient people. At the center of the Universe is the Sun. Italian scientist. - Models of the Universe.ppt
Cosmological models
Slides: 89 Words: 2537 Sounds: 0 Effects: 4Introduction to cosmology. Cosmological models. Hubble's law. Removing all bodies does not mean the existence of an expansion center. Redshift. Wavelength shift. Reasons for changing wavelength. Doppler effect. Exact formula. Expansion of space. Integral formula. Redshift of the galaxy. The essence of the Hubble constant. Metagalaxy. Newtonian cosmology. Cosmological models. Newtonian cosmology. The coordinate changes according to the law. Laws of conservation of mass. Law of conservation of mechanical energy for an element at the edge of a ball. Let's write down the total mechanical energy. Dynamic properties of the cosmological model. - Cosmological models.ppt
Life and Mind
Slides: 26 Words: 1059 Sounds: 0 Effects: 72Life and intelligence in the Universe. UFO - unidentified flying object). What are all our great geographical discoveries worth compared to the upcoming expedition to Mars? Others argue that the universe is simply abundant in different forms life. Often UFOs are seen on the road, but only when there is no one around. There is a lot of evidence of hostile behavior of UFOs. Let us list the main phenomena that cause reports of UFOs. Atmospheric. The Moon and Venus are often the culprits in UFO reports. Why are scientists skeptical of all kinds of reports about UFOs and aliens from other worlds? - Life and Mind.ppt
Life in the Universe
Slides: 33 Words: 1425 Sounds: 12 Effects: 25Life and intelligence in the Universe. Introduction. There is nothing more exciting than the search for life and intelligence in the Universe. Man will not rest until he solves the mystery of his origin. I want to know about the distant ones cosmic worlds, about the Universe. The emergence of the mind. Most likely not! Attempts have long been made to discover and establish contact with other civilizations. The emergence of life on Earth. Searches for life in the solar system. No traces of organic life have been found on the Moon. There is no atmosphere, and the surface temperature varies from –170 to 450? C. Unfortunately, due to its proximity to the Sun, Venus is not at all like Earth. - Life in the Universe.ppt
Extraterrestrial civilizations
Slides: 13 Words: 274 Sounds: 0 Effects: 2Searches for extraterrestrial civilizations. The 26-meter radio telescope at the US National Radio Astronomy Observatory in West Virginia. Techniques. Look for signals from extraterrestrial civilizations. Send the so-called “ready signal”. SAO RAS radio telescope RATAN-600 operating in the centimeter and decimeter ranges. Classification of civilizations. The first type of civilization uses energy on a planetary scale. Supercivilization. Our Galaxy. A black hole is a corridor to other worlds. The problem of paleocontacts. The Japanese dogu figurines bear a strong resemblance to some kind of clumsy spacesuit. UFO problem. - Extraterrestrial civilizations.ppt
Extraterrestrial life forms
Slides: 21 Words: 832 Sounds: 21 Effects: 88Search and study of extraterrestrial life forms. Criteria for the existence and search for living systems. A practical overview of the search and research of extraterrestrial life forms. Sergei Pavlovich Korolev. Yuri Gagarin. Direct interest in the problem of searching for intelligent life. Definition of life on other planets. Our ideas about the essence of life. ABOUT chemical basis life. General dynamic properties of living systems. The role of light in maintaining life. Methods for detecting extraterrestrial life. Discovery of life forms similar to terrestrial animals. Moon. Venus. Mars. Meteorites. Search for extraterrestrial civilizations. -
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Universe Developer: Nurgaliev Rustem Mudarisovich, physics teacher at GAPOU “Sabinsky” agricultural college»
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The Universe is the entire existing material world, limitless in time and space and infinitely diverse in the forms that matter takes in the process of its development. The part of the Universe covered by astronomical observations is called the Metagalaxy, or our Universe. The dimensions of the metagalaxy are very large: the radius of the cosmological horizon is 15-20 billion light years
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The origin of the Universe - the concept of the Big Bang The idea of the development of the Universe naturally led to the formulation of the problem of the beginning of the evolution (birth) of the Universe and its end (death). Currently, there are several cosmological models that explain certain aspects of the emergence of matter in the Universe, but they do not explain the causes and process of the birth of the Universe itself. Of the entire set of modern cosmological theories, only the Big Bang theory of G. Gamow has been able to satisfactorily explain almost all the facts related to this problem to date.
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To try to explain how the Universe began, how it changes over time, and what will happen to it in the future, astronomers develop hypotheses called cosmological models. The most important observational fact that any model must explain is the shift of the wavelengths of light from distant galaxies to the red end of the spectrum. This phenomenon is called cosmological redshift. Removing galaxies from the Galaxy “ Milky Way”
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Hubble's Law The universe is expanding, and the speed at which galaxies move away from each other is proportional to the distance between them. Age of the Universe Hubble's law allows us to estimate the time of expansion of the most distant Galaxies, or the time of expansion of the Universe: This time approximately characterizes the age of the Universe.
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The “Beginning” of the Universe The main idea of the Big Bang concept is that the Universe in the early stages of its emergence had an unstable vacuum-like state with a high energy density. This energy originated from quantum radiation, i.e. as if out of nowhere. The fact is that in a physical vacuum there are no fixed particles, fields and waves, but it is not a lifeless void. In a vacuum there are virtual particles that are born, have a fleeting existence and immediately disappear. Therefore, the vacuum “boils” with virtual particles and is saturated with complex interactions between them.
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Early stage of the evolution of the Universe Immediately after the Big Bang, the Universe was a plasma of elementary particles of all types and their antiparticles in a state of thermodynamic equilibrium at a temperature of 1027 K, which freely transformed into each other. In this clot there were only gravitational and large (Great) interactions. Then the Universe began to expand, and at the same time its density and temperature decreased. The further evolution of the Universe occurred in stages and was accompanied, on the one hand, by differentiation, and on the other, by the complication of its structures. The stages of the evolution of the Universe differ in the characteristics of the interaction of elementary particles and are called eras. The most important changes took less than three minutes.
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The hadron era lasted 10 s, the temperature of the Universe was 10 K. The main components: elementary particles, between which there is a strong interaction. The Universe is a heated plasma. -7 32
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Lepton era Lasted until 1 s after the start. The temperature of the Universe dropped to 1010 K. Its main elements were leptons, which participated in the mutual transformations of protons and neutrons. At the end of this era, matter became transparent to neutrinos, they stopped interacting with matter and have since survived to this day.
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The era of radiation (photon era) lasted 1 million years. During this time, the temperature of the Universe decreased from 10 billion K to 3000 K. During this stage, the most important processes of primary nucleosynthesis for the further evolution of the Universe took place - the combination of protons and neutrons (there were about 8 times less of them than protons) in atomic nuclei. By the end of this process, the matter of the Universe consisted of 75% protons (hydrogen nuclei), about 25% were helium nuclei, hundredths of a percent were deuterium, lithium and other light elements, after which the Universe became transparent to photons, since the radiation was separated from substances and formed what in our era is called relict radiation.
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Structural self-organization of the Universe After the Big Bang, the resulting matter and the electromagnetic field were scattered and represented a gas and dust cloud and an electromagnetic background. 1 billion years after the formation of the Universe began, galaxies and stars began to appear. By this time, the matter had already cooled, and stable density fluctuations began to appear in it, uniformly filling space. In the formed material environment, random compactions of matter appeared and developed. The gravitational forces inside such compactions manifest themselves more noticeably than outside their boundaries. Therefore, despite the general expansion of the Universe, the matter in the densities slows down, and its density begins to gradually increase.
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The birth and evolution of galaxies So, the first condition for the appearance of galaxies in the Universe was the appearance of random clusters and concentrations of matter in a homogeneous Universe. For the first time such an idea was expressed by I. Newton, who argued that if matter were uniformly scattered throughout infinite space, it would never have gathered into a single mass. It would gather in parts in different places in infinite space. This idea of Newton became one of the cornerstones of modern cosmogony.
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Further complication of matter in the Universe Although the appearance of large-scale structures in the Universe led to the formation of many varieties of galaxies and stars, among which there are completely unique objects, still from the point of view of the further evolution of the Universe special meaning there was the appearance of stars - red giants. It was in these stars that most of the elements of the periodic table appeared during the processes of stellar nucleosynthesis. This opened up the possibility of new complications of the substance. First of all, the possibility arose of the formation of planets and the emergence of life and, possibly, intelligence on some of them. Therefore, the formation of planets became the next stage in the evolution of the Universe.
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Further evolution of the Universe According to the Big Bang theory, further evolution depends on an experimentally measurable parameter - the average density of matter in the modern Universe. If the density does not exceed a certain (known from theory) critical value, the Universe will expand forever, but if the density is greater than the critical value, then the expansion process will someday stop and the reverse phase of compression will begin, returning to the original singular state. Modern experimental data regarding the average density are not yet reliable enough to make a clear choice between two options for the future of the Universe. There are a number of questions that the Big Bang theory cannot yet answer, but its main provisions are substantiated by reliable experimental data, and modern level theoretical physics makes it possible to quite reliably describe the evolution of such a system in time, with the exception of the very initial stage - about a hundredth of a second from the “beginning of the world”. It is important for the theory that this uncertainty initial stage in fact, turns out to be insignificant, since the state of the Universe formed after passing this stage and its subsequent evolution can be described quite reliably