Perhaps this is the other side of genius, but many authors, whose books the whole world reads, were distinguished by amazing eccentricity in life [photo]
Photo: RIA Novosti
On this day exactly 106 years ago, 82-year-old Leo Tolstoy secretly left his home in Yasnaya Polyana. Neither now nor then did many understand this decision of the great writer. They considered him "strange". But if you dig into the biographies, most geniuses had their own quirks! Perhaps this is the other side of genius? Taking this opportunity, we decided to talk about ten wonderful writers who surprised their contemporaries with their quirks.
1) Friedrich Schiller
The German poet and philosopher was inspired by... rotten apples. Usually they filled the desk drawer in Schiller's office. We might not have known about the strangeness of the author of “Letters on the Aesthetic Education of Man” if it were not for his talkativeness. best friend- Johann Goethe.
Compared to the background of rotten apples, Schiller's other habits seem less frightening. Thus, the writer’s contemporaries said that he hung his office with red curtains. He also immersed his feet in ice water while writing. This “invigorated” him.
By the way, not everyone knows that it was Schiller’s “Ode to Joy” that became the basis for the EU anthem.
2) Johann Goethe
However, it was in vain that Goethe was so excited about telling everyone about rotten apples in Schiller’s office. He himself was also distinguished by his quirks. It is known that the author of Faust worked only in enclosed spaces, where fresh air should not have penetrated. The poet was manically afraid of drafts! And, apparently, for good reason. Since Johann Goethe died of a cold. And the last words of the famous thinker were the phrase “Please close the window!”
And many biographers note that Goethe hated the barking of dogs, the smell of garlic and people with glasses.
3) Honore de Balzac
Many have heard about the mania of this French writer. Balzac couldn’t imagine life without coffee! And it would be nice if we were talking about a cup of aromatic drink during breakfast... But no, the writer drank up to 50 servings of coffee a day without milk and sugar. It is estimated that during the writing of The Human Comedy he drank about 15 thousand cups of strong coffee.
“Coffee transforms the most beautiful walls of the stomach into a spurred racehorse; they become inflamed; sparks permeate the entire body, right down to the brain. From this point on, things get exciting. Ideas come into motion and begin to march like battalions great army in the great war,” Balzac wrote about coffee. Thanks to this drink, he could write for 48 hours. Non-stop!
But at some point, regular coffee stopped energizing the writer. Then he began to chew coffee beans. However, they soon ceased to have an exciting effect on Balzac. Another well-known oddity of the writer is that he loved to write with his bare feet on the cold floor. But it was coffee addiction that the Frenchman undermined his health. One version of his death at the age of 51 is coffee poisoning, another is that his heart could not stand it.
4) Leo Tolstoy
The “wonderful gentleman” Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy loved to plow, mow grass, and chop wood on his own. However, this is not only because of the love of simple peasant life or the religious ideas of the count. Biographers say that without physical labor, the writer became irritable at night, and then could not fall asleep for a long time. So I moved – a lot, with pleasure. Thanks largely to this, Count Do last days remained amazingly cheerful.
In addition, he loved to sew boots “for gifts.” I gave them away to everyone - acquaintances, friends, relatives. His son-in-law Mikhail Sukhotin (leader of the nobility, by the way) wrote in his memoirs that he carefully kept this souvenir from his father-in-law on the same shelf with “War and Peace.”
5) Charles Dickens
This English writer is a real treasure trove of all sorts of oddities. Firstly, he had hallucinations - Dickens “communicated” with the heroes of his works. And if they began to bother him, he threatened that he would not write another line about them. The author of one of the monographs about the author of Oliver Twist, parapsychologist Nandor Fodor, believes that only the creative nature of these hallucinations prevents Dickens from being diagnosed with schizophrenia.
In addition, the writer was noted for his love of spending a lot of time in morgues. He called it "the attraction of the disgusting." It is also known that in 1858 Dickens was prescribed a special diet for “overwork.” A special place It involved the need to drink 0.5 liters of sparkling wine every day at 15.00.
6) Mark Twain
The real name of the writer we know as Mark Twain is Samuel Langhorne Clemens. He took his nickname from river navigation terms (mark twain - mark two). But this is not yet strangeness.
What really surprised Clemens’ contemporaries was the amount of tobacco he smoked (up to 40 cigars daily). Those who had the opportunity to visit his office said that because of the smoke they could hardly distinguish anything. By the way, it was the author of “The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn” who wrote the famous phrase: “There is nothing easier than quitting smoking. I already know, I’ve done this a thousand times.”
But even this oddity pales in comparison to another - Mark Twain adored cats. He said: “If it were possible to cross a person with a cat, the human breed would only benefit from this, but the cat breed would clearly worsen.” There were always dozens of cats in his house. According to the recollections of relatives, when the writer was angry, he even snorted like a cat.
7) Alexander Pushkin
Against the background of the “obsessions” of other writers, the strangeness of the “sun of Russian poetry” looks very innocent. He loved lemonade! It was lemonade, not coffee, that Alexander Sergeevich asked to bring to him when he spent his nights writing. This drink invigorated him better than others.
“It used to be like writing at night, now you give him lemonade at night,” says the memoirs of the poet’s valet Nikifor Fedorov.
And a friend of the greatest genius, Alexander Veltman, wrote that during the period of Bessarabian exile, Pushkin loved to shoot at the wall with a pistol. And he did this while lying naked on the bed. Well, the man was depressed!
8) Guy de Maupassant
The French writer hated the Eiffel Tower. Well, she irritated him terribly - the author of “Dear Ami” declared that the tower disfigures Paris. At the same time, he preferred to dine at the Eiffel Tower restaurant. Explaining this by the fact that here is the only place in the French capital from where this very tower is not visible.
But is it really surprising at this writer’s oddity, considering that several of his works begin with the words “I’m attracted to crazy people...”
9) George Gordon Byron
The English romantic poet was not so romantic... His love of love became a legend during his lifetime. It is believed that during the year he spent in Venice, he managed to make 250 ladies happy. Moreover, you can often read that Byron even kept a collection of hair from the private parts of his many women (forgive me for such a piquant detail). However, one can doubt this - there is no evidence of this, although hundreds of sites provide this information on the Internet in both Russian and English.
But another feature of Lord Byron is known for certain - from the testimony of contemporaries. The poet was terribly annoyed at the sight of... an ordinary salt shaker!
10) Nikolai Gogol
Despite his fame as an eccentric, Nikolai Vasilyevich was not susceptible to any mental disorders. This was confirmed by numerous post-mortem studies by specialists. But still he had more than enough oddities. First of all, he was a notorious glutton. His contemporaries were frightened by his eating style - greedily devouring food, the writer leaned so close to the plate that his hair almost always lay along the edges of the dish. There were sweets in his pockets all the time - candies, bagels, sugar. He was constantly chewing something. In addition, many were surprised by his passion for cooking. In particular, the writer loved to cook pasta. He did it masterfully - he specially learned it while living in Rome. But the evil irony of fate is that Gogol died from exhaustion, to which he brought himself on a hunger strike during Lent.
It is also known that the author “ Dead souls“He was very afraid of thunderstorms, was unsociable, and loved to alter his own clothes. Nikolai Vasilyevich also suffered from the fear of being buried alive. Taphephobia was caused by the fact that once, during an attack of malaria, the writer became numb and was almost mistaken for dead. After this, Gogol had problems sleeping - he preferred to fall asleep while sitting. Moreover, he bequeathed to bury him only when obvious signs of decomposition appeared on the body.
In addition, it is known that the classic of Russian literature never had relationships with women. But he had no connections with men either. Chastity was his conscious choice. At the same time, the man of mystery loved to stun his interlocutors with indecent anecdotes and obscene phrases. Strange? Strange. And yet a genius!
Option 8
Part "1"
The answers to tasks 1–24 are a word, phrase, number or sequence of words, numbers. Write your answer in the answer field without spaces, commas or other additional characters.
(1) The flourishing of Flemish painting was facilitated by such an important technical innovation as oil paints. (2) Pigments ground with vegetable oil were significantly superior in brightness to the then prevailing tempera in painting, the basis of which was quick-drying egg yolk. (3)<...>It was necessary to paint with tempera quickly, without going into small details, while oil paints could be applied layer by layer, achieving amazing pictorial effects.
1. Indicate two sentences that correctly convey the MAIN information contained in the text. Write down the numbers of these sentences.
1) Oil paints were significantly superior in brightness to the tempera that prevailed in the Middle Ages.
2) The flourishing of Flemish painting was facilitated by the appearance of oil paints, which did not dry as quickly as tempera and were superior in brightness, which made it possible to apply them in layers, achieving amazing pictorial effects.
3) The advent of oil paints, which did not dry as quickly as tempera and were superior in brightness, made it possible to apply paint on canvas in layers, achieving amazing pictorial effects, and this, in turn, contributed to the flourishing of Flemish painting.
4) The pigments of oil paints, ground with vegetable oil, the basis of which was quick-drying egg yolk, surpassed the then prevailing tempera in brightness.
5) If you had to paint quickly with tempera, which was based on quick-drying egg yolk, without going into small details, then oil paints could be applied differently.
2. What word (combination of words) should be in place of the gap in the third sentence? Write this word down.
Despite this Although Therefore Despite this And if
3. Read a fragment of a dictionary entry that gives the meaning of the word BASIS. Determine the meaning in which this word is used in the second (2) sentence of the text. Write down the number corresponding to this value in the given fragment of the dictionary entry.
OSNOMVA, - s, female.
1. Supporting part of the object; skeleton Reinforced concrete o. designs.
2. Source, the main thing on which something is built, which is the essence of something. Economic o. society.
3. pl. The initial, main provisions of something. Fundamentals of economic knowledge. Fundamentals of morality.
4. Longitudinal threads of fabric intertwined with weft (special).
5. In grammar: the entire part of the word until the end. Non-derivative o. (equal to the root). Derivative o. (root together with suffixes).
4. In one of the words below, an error was made in the placement of stress: the letter denoting the stressed vowel sound was highlighted incorrectly. Write this word down.
overflowed, bent to the bottom, created
5. In one of the sentences below, the highlighted word is used INCORRECTLY. Correct the mistake and write the word correctly.
On the resort coast, there is UNBEARABLE heat all month long.
Young festival participants created performance projects in documentary and DRAMATIC genres.
Scientists have brought to life one of Leonardo da Vinci's models: a MICROSCOPIC flying robot fly was presented at a congress in Italy.
6. In one of the words highlighted below, an error was made in the formation of the word form. Correct the mistake and write the word correctly.
insurance policies are stronger drink water we are not lying
7. Establish a correspondence between the sentences and the grammatical errors made in them. |
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8. Identify the word in which the unstressed vowel of the root being tested is missing. Write out this word by inserting the missing letter. calc..calculation in..rmichel freeze..stand position..leaning 9. Identify the row in which the same letter is missing in both words in the prefix. Write down these words by inserting the missing letter. pr..unpleasant, pr..possess; wrong..rightful, abandoned; un..vital, un..restrained; inter..linguistic, familial..yarry; take..mother, take..take, 10. Write down the word in which the letter I is written in place of the gap. honor..to take back..at the elbow..how ugly..cheap..nice 11. Write down the word in which the letter Y is written in place of the gap. not worth..t worried..praying..staying clean..shy |
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12. Determine the sentence in which NOT is written together with the word. Open the brackets and write down this word.
He came out (not) looking at us.
The answer was (not) always direct and quick.
Having (not) slept for several nights, Alyosha was getting sleepy.
Everyone knew that she was (in)guilty.
It rained more and more often, sometimes not stopping for a whole day.
13. Determine the sentence in which both highlighted words are written CONTINUOUSLY. Open the brackets and write down these two words.
(AT) AT THE BEGINNING it seemed that Kirill’s words at the meeting did not make any impression, but (S) SOON it turned out that the entire department was discussing his speech.
(AT) THE BEGINNING of the young writer’s novel it was difficult to judge the author’s talent, but (IN) SUBSEQUENTLY readers appreciated his work.
Pavel Petrovich (NOT) TIMES helped his brother when he was tormented, figuring out HOW to dodge and find the missing amount.
The thought of (OUT)BROAD, of the need to buy suitcases, tickets, choose a route leads Oblomov, (IN)DIFFERENCE from his friend Andrei Stolts, into a state close to panic.
We (A LITTLE) moved forward and, just as before, we never tired of being amazed at the beauty of nature.
14. Indicate all the numbers in whose place NN is written.
We saw only the foamy crests of furious (2) waves and heard the cries of alarmed (3) birds frantically (4) flying over the sea.
15. Place punctuation marks. Indicate the numbers of sentences in which you need to put ONE comma.
1) Bright lightning shook the sky and I saw a smoky cloud bank above the window.
2) The ideal nobleman had to resemble both the hero of chivalric novels and a character from ancient history and a Christian preacher.
3) The art teacher paid attention to the boy’s abilities and inclinations and convinced the parents to send the child to a painting school.
4) Summer residents lazily walk under umbrellas or sit in the shade of trees.
5) Antiquity in Greece appeared before V. A. Serov in its pure form, and the artist perceived this country as a realized dream of great art.
16. Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence.
The first exhibition of the Peredvizhniki (1) opened in 1871 (2) convincingly demonstrated the existence in painting (3) of a new direction that was taking shape throughout the 60s (4).
17. Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in sentences. Enter the numbers in ascending order.
Farewell (1) unwashed (2) Russia (3)
Country of slaves, country of masters,
And you (4) uniforms (5) blue (6)
And you, their devoted people.
Perhaps (7) behind the wall of the Caucasus
I'll hide from your pashas,
From their all-seeing eye,
From their all-hearing ears.
()
18. Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence.
The idea of a single European space (1), a fan (2) of which (3) was the first director of the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum, Malinovsky (4), gained many supporters.
19. Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence.
I really love spring (1) and (2) when young greenery appears (3) I rush into the forest (4) to enjoy the first minutes of the rebirth of nature.
(1) “I’m better, I’m smarter than everyone else.” (2) A person of such a moral position is completely deprived of the ability to judge his own capabilities. (3) It’s good if in the end he understands this and takes a place corresponding to his abilities, puts a feasible load on his shoulders. (4) What if not? (5) Such a person, if he finds himself in power (even the most modest one), will only harm the cause. (b) Such a leader will be afraid to have a good deputy: lest he take his place. (7) He will not support a sensible proposal: after all, it does not come from him, the leader. (8) He will bury a good project if it “does not work” for his, the boss’s, authority.
(9) Every person is looking for a place in life. (10) Tries to assert his “I”. (11) This is natural. (12) But how he finds his place, what paths he takes to get there, what moral values have weight in his eyes is an extremely important question.
(13) The poet said: “We all prop up the firmament a little.” (14) This is about the dignity of man, his place on earth, his responsibility for himself, for everyone and for everything.
(15) And more true words: “Every person is worth exactly as much as he actually created, minus his vanity.”
(16) What is there, many of us cannot admit to ourselves that because of a falsely understood, inflated sense of self-esteem, because of the reluctance to appear worse, we sometimes take rash steps, we do not act very correctly - we won’t ask again, we won’t Let's say “I don’t know”, “I can’t”.
(17) There are no words, shameless selfish people evoke a feeling of condemnation. (18) However, those who exchange their dignity like a small coin are no better. (19) In the life of every person, there are probably moments when he is simply obliged to show his pride, to affirm his “I”. (20) And, of course, this is not always easy to do.
(21) One of the seven wonders of the world that the ancients wrote about was the Alexandrian lighthouse - a grandiose and unusual structure. (22) They say that the spherical mirror of the lighthouse at a certain angle collected so much sunlight into a beam that it could burn ships sailing far out to sea. (23) The lighthouse was built by order of Ptolemy Philadelphus. (24) The proud pharaoh ordered his name to be engraved on the marble slabs of the lighthouse.
(25) But who was the true creator of the seventh miracle, its real builder? (26) People found out about this many years later. (27) It turns out that the architect made indentations on the stone slabs of the lighthouse and carved the words in them: “Sostratus, son of Dexiphanes of Cnidus, to the savior gods for the sake of sailors.” (28) He covered the inscription with lime, rubbed it with marble chips and inscribed on it, as the pharaoh demanded: “Ptolemy Philadelphus.”
(29) This always happens. (30) The true price of a person is revealed sooner or later anyway. (31) And the higher this price, the more a person loves not so much himself as others. (32) Leo Tolstoy emphasized that each of us, the so-called small, ordinary person, is in fact a historical person. (33) The great writer placed responsibility for the fate of the whole world on each of us. (34) To that same “I” that harbors titanic powers. (35) That same “I”, which becomes a hundred times stronger, turning into “we”, into concern for our common good. (36) On this path, a good name and public recognition are dear to a person. (37) Let's not forget about this.
(By cove*)
* Marlen Sergeevich Kryukov (1931-1997) - Russian writer, journalist.
20. Which of the statements correspond to the content of the text? Please provide answer numbers. Enter the numbers in ascending order.
1) The truth is lost over the centuries, and it is not possible to establish it.
2) Each person, according to L. Tolstoy, is a historical person, because he is responsible for the fate of the whole world.
3) The lighthouse of Alexandria was built by order of Ptolemy Philadelphus.
4) A person who feels smarter than everyone else, once in power, can harm the cause.
5) Every person is able to understand and admit that due to a falsely inflated sense of self-worth, he sometimes takes rash steps and makes mistakes.
21. Which of the following statements are true? Please provide answer numbers.
Enter the numbers in ascending order.
1) Sentences 1-8 contain reasoning.
2) Sentences 17−20 present a narrative.
3) Sentences 21−24 include a descriptive element.
4) Sentences 27−28 list the character’s sequential actions.
5) Sentence 22 contains a narrative.
22. From sentence 8, write down the verbs used in a figurative meaning. Write down the words in the form they appear in the sentence.
23. Among sentences 26−29, find one that is related to the previous one using a personal pronoun and contextual synonyms. Write the number of this offer.
24. Read a fragment of the review. It examines the linguistic features of the text. Some terms used in the review are missing. Fill in the blanks with numbers corresponding to the number of the term from the list.
“The author uses the device - (A)_____ (sentences 25-27) - and the syntactic means of expressiveness - (B)_____ (in sentence 20) to attract the reader to a discussion of important issues. Lexical means - (B)_____ (“moral values” in sentence 12, “social recognition” in sentence 36) and device — (D)_____ (sentences 13, 15) - set the tone for the author’s thoughts and allow us to understand the essence of the problems posed in the text "
List of terms:
1) metaphor
2) individual author's words
3) epithets
4) socio-political vocabulary
5) introductory word
6) question-and-answer form of presentation
7) quoting
8) dialectism
9) series of homogeneous members
Write down the numbers in your answer, arranging them in the order corresponding to the letters:
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Zealous to meet Velvet Zealous - diligent Meet - accidentally meet Velvet - silk or cotton fabric with fine pile
There are a great many good words for everything in the Russian language K. G. Paustovsky
Vladimir Vysotsky If you cut the path through your father ... with m..h..m You have salty tears on our lips ... Tal If in a hot battle you experienced what how much It means you read the right books in childhood!
Basic groups of words in the Russian language Make a cluster using these words Common vocabulary Non-common vocabulary synonyms antonyms homonyms paronyms dialectisms professionalisms neologisms archaisms historicisms
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A lie can be good or evil, compassionate or merciless. Lies can be clever and clumsy, prudent and reckless, intoxicating and joyless, too complex and completely simple. A lie can be sinful and holy, It can be modest and elegant, It can be outstanding and mediocre, It can be frank and impartial, And it can be simply vain. A lie can be scary and funny, Sometimes omnipotent, sometimes completely powerless, sometimes humiliated, sometimes capricious, fleeting or lingering. A lie can be wild and tame, It can be everyday and ceremonial, Inspirational, boring and otherwise... The truth can only be the truth. Felix Krivin
Words are different - sometimes efficient, sometimes idle. Either honest, truthful, or flattering, false. There is a word - consolation And a word - suffocation. There are sober and drunk, crafty, foggy. There are pure, diamond ones, And there are shamelessly dirty ones, Some will help straighten, Others will erase the soul. There is speech that burns with fire, There is speech that stinks of decay. Words of the highest valor, And the lowest meanness... Poet, you are destined to sow your soul with grains. So this is nothing other than the purest, most selected. Not evil, not lascivious, but kind, truthful. So that the bread of kindness may be given by the field of eternity. V. Poltoratsky “A Word about Words”
Synonyms lexical stylistic syntactic Path Road path Get started - Get started Face Face Physiognomy muzzle How has it not occurred to him yet that this is an optical illusion, a hallucination, a mirage? Contextual synonyms
Antonyms You are poor, you are abundant, you are powerful, you are powerless, Mother Rus'. Antithesis - contrasting sharply contrasting concepts to create artistic image I love the lush decay of nature, the forests dressed in crimson and gold. Oxymoron - a comparison of seemingly incomparable, mutually exclusive concepts
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Vocabulary of the Russian language Borrowings in the Russian language “Russian language! For millennia, the people created this flexible, magnificent, inexhaustibly rich, intelligent, poetic and laborious instrument of their social life, your feelings, your hopes, your anger, your great future,” this is how the Russian writer A.N. Tolstoy wrote about our language.
Shall we try? Let's try! Midshipman, geography, shoe, aquarium, constitution, fittings, jazz, showman, businessman, school, sugar, beets, bathhouse, computer.
Formation of Russian vocabulary The vocabulary of the Russian language has evolved over many centuries. There are two main ways of forming vocabulary: 1) a direct way, in which the so-called native words language, 2) the path of borrowing, in which new words come from outside, from other languages.
Mastering borrowed words When words move from another language into Russian, mastering processes occur. Words are mastered: 1) phonetically 2) graphically 3) grammatically 4) lexically
Signs of borrowed words Initial a almost always indicates the non-Russian origin of the word: lampshade, scarlet, army, questionnaire, diamond, pharmacy, August, aster, agent, aria, aviation. Initial a is rare in Russian words. These are the words: a, ah, aha, gasp, come around.
The presence of the letter f in a word is a striking foreign language feature. With the exception of a few interjections and onomatopoeic words (fu, fi, uf, snort), words with the letter f are borrowed: coffee, photographer, February, fact, lantern, graphics, form, spacesuit, film, decanter, fountain and others.
Combinations ke, ge, he These combinations of letters indicate the borrowed nature of the word: rocket, cedar, skeleton, coat of arms, sneakers, hairdresser, orchestra, package, trachea, hero, helium, agent. At the junction of the stem and ending ge, ke, he also occur in unborrowed words: hand, sand, south, road, ravine
Gaping A foreign appearance is given to the word by the so-called gaping (the proximity of two or more vowels in the roots of words) poet, cocoa, out, diet, trunk, guard, halo, theater, duel. At the junction of morphemes, such combinations are possible in the Russian language: science, ignoramus, accustom, groan...
Letter E The letter e is found exclusively in borrowed words: era, epoch, floor, evolution, canoe, effect, ethics, aloe, mayor, peer, echo, element. In Russian words, the letter e is rare: eh, eh, this, this, therefore.
Combinations pu, byu, vu, kyu, syu Words: puree, bill, carburetor, bust, bulletin, debut, engraving, ditch. The communiqué, engraving, bureau are borrowed.
Words of Greek and Latin origin Greco-Latin borrowings made a significant contribution to the formation of the vocabulary of the Russian language. In terms of the number of words contributed by these languages, only Old Church Slavonic can compete with them. These are words from oral speech: ship, boat, bed, vinegar, school, hard labor, bench, pancake, beets.
Greek borrowings Most Greek words came to us through intermediary languages. Names of sciences: history, mathematics, astronomy, grammar, geography, geometry. Scientific terms: method, aorta, hypothesis, analysis, synthesis, space, bacterium; political terms: monarchy, democracy, hegemony, proletariat; terms of art and literature: monologue, epigraph, epigram, symphony, iambic, stanza, etc.
Latinisms Latin - language Ancient Rome(5th - 6th centuries BC) Signs of Latin words - final -um, -us, -tsia, -tor, -ura, -ent: plenum, aquarium, opium, corpus, lapse, reaction, constitution, author, innovator, equator, document, incident, cone, nation, section, reinforcement, censorship, dictatorship.
Turkic borrowings Most of the words of Turkic-Tatar origin were borrowed during Tatar invasion(13th – 14th centuries). Turkisms entered our language orally. These are the names of clothes: sheepskin coat, sundress, stocking, bashlyk, armyak; words related to farming, everyday life: barn, shed, hearth, cast iron, pencil. names of foods: raisins, balyk, shish kebab, watermelon, eggplant, noodles; “trade words”: money, steelyard, arshin, product.
Borrowings from German German words added to the Russian military vocabulary: bayonet, front, soldier, ramrod, assault. Many words came from the language of German craftsmen: mechanic, plane, chisel, workbench, plank, paste. Other German borrowings: waffle, weather vane, avalanche, tour, pattern, route.
Signs of words German origin: - final – master: grandmaster, police chief, bandmaster, accompanist, choreographer, postmaster. - initial piece: stamp, bayonet, fine, curtains, bar, spy, syringe, staff, adit...
French words were borrowed mainly in the era of Peter the Great and in post-Petrine times. Thematically, the French vocabulary presented in Russian is varied: attack, arsenal, seance, costume, box. Panel, sausages, lemonade, overalls, feuilleton, genre.
Signs of borrowings from French: - final stressed –е(-е), -и, -о: muffler, pince-nez, tournais, fillet, necklace, blinds; final – even: aerobatics, bag, beach, turn. floor, luggage, massage, vernissage; final –ans: assonance, dissonance, advance, romance, seance, decadence.
Mostly words related to maritime affairs came from the Dutch language: harbor, boatswain, pilot, compass, cruiser, tugboat, sailor. From other words: trousers, umbrella, chintz, cable, cable, receipt.
English words have also expanded our maritime vocabulary: emergency, yacht, midshipman, trawl, tanker, boat. There are especially many words of English origin in Russian sports terminology: football, volleyball, knockout, record, half, round, tennis, hockey, finish, referee.
Signs of borrowings from English language: 1) initial j: jumper, jazz, jam, joule, gentleman, joker; 2) final – ing: meeting, pudding, pressing, tuxedo, browning. 3) final – men or –man: athlete, showman, businessman
Ukrainian borrowings Exotic borrowings: bandura, parubok, devchina, dumplings, karbovanets. Other words: borscht, girls, kids, bagel, grain grower, schoolboy.
borrowings Slavicisms Greco - Latin words Turkisms Indo-European Europeanisms Maple, bird cherry, house, kvass, return, sweet Bread, bed, geography (Greek) school, classroom, vacation, exam (Latin) Money, market, raisins, watermelon Camp, headquarters , easel, resort (German) Sailor, harbor (Gol.) midshipman, meeting, football, cupcake (English) Mother, brother, daughter, wolf
Creative group. Let's have a discussion A. N. Tolstoy wrote about foreign words: “... There is no need to disown them, there is no need to abuse them. It’s better to say “elevator” than “self-lifter”, “telephone” than “long-distance talk”, but where you can find Russian word, we need to find it." “Take care of the properties of your own language, because what we love in the Latin, French or German style is sometimes worthy of laughter in Russian.” M. V. Lomonosov
Traders, ambassadors (and in any newspaper) have many words that are incomprehensible, smart words, Like these: Know-how, charter, Tuner, player, barter, Actus summit, zombie, Carter, broker, lobby, Service, copier, printer, Blazer, scanner, sprinter, Futures, digest, rating, Image, sponsor , surfing, Show, timer, business, Briefing, cartridge, clearing, Selling, leasing, dealing, Plotter, thriller, dealer, Pager, racketeer, killer... I have no peace from them In reality, and even in my dreams, And I just can’t understand , What's what and why... N. P. Kolesnikov “Stormy verbosity”
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Sayings about the Russian language
The Slavic-Russian language, according to the testimony of foreign aestheticians themselves, is not inferior either to Latin or to Greek in fluency, surpassing all European languages: Italian, French and Spanish, and even more so German. G. Derzhavin.
Title Native speech is the basis for the Fatherland. Do not muddy the Divine spring, Protect yourself: the soul gives birth to the word - our Great Holy Russian language. Hieromonk Roman.
Title May there be honor and glory to our language. N. M. Karamzin.
You can do wonders with the Russian language. There is nothing in life and in our consciousness that cannot be conveyed in Russian words. The sound of music, the spectral brilliance of colors, the play of light, the noise and shadow of gardens, the vagueness of sleep, the heavy rumble of a thunderstorm, the whisper of children and the rustle of sea gravel. There are no sounds, colors, images and thoughts for which there would not be an exact expression in our language. K. G. Paustovsky.
To use a foreign word when there is an equivalent Russian word means to insult both common sense and common taste. V. G. Belinsky.
Distributive dictation Pr...ran, pr...drove, bounced...chil, miss...kat, lime(n,nn)y, ruddy(n,nn)y, bought(n,nn)y pencil, pr...great, pr...sea , pr…grada, choose..paradise, light….gal, trained(n,nn)y PRE - PR Roots with alternation N, nn in suffixes came running bounced lemon arrived gets wet ruddy great choose purchased seaside lit trained barrier
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Collecting words 1. Fields 2. Took 3. Lemon
Principles of Russian spelling
Updating knowledge Laid, sent, sneaked, bled, locked, occupied, occupied, inquire, inform, bear fruit - fruiting, deepen - deepening, uncork, drill - drill, arrived, scoop, pinches, hand - hand - hand, turn on - turn on - I turn it on.
Morphological Traditional Phonetic Differentiating The same spelling of a morpheme in words of a certain part of speech. The spelling developed historically; when checking, we turn to etymology. The spelling corresponds to the sound in this word. Different spellings that serve to distinguish homonyms 1) Say - a fairy tale 2) Hello - healthy 3) Let you down - prompted 4) In the old - in which, in the big 1) Vowels A, I, U after the hissing LIVE, TOP 2)b in verbs 2 l., units SLEEP 3)b in adverbs WIDE 4)Adj. endings. In r.p., units VESENNY 5) Unverified unstressed vowels 6) Unpronounceable or double consonants WHISTLE, TERRACE 7) I – E in roots with alternation, O – A in roots lag - lie Prefixes on Z – S SCHEDULE I- Y after prefixes on a consonant WANTED, INTERINSTITUTE Prefixes RAZ (ROZ) – RAS (ROS) CHAMBER – ROZVALNI O – And in the roots of the mountains – gar, zar - zor Delineation of parts of speech BURN (hands) – BURN (arm) Delineation of lexical meaning BAL – POINT Capital letter Sonya – sleepyhead Indicator of grammatical meanings TUSH - TUSH N - NN in the verb. adj. And the participles DYED – DYED OCCHER
Russian spelling has more than two hundred years of history. After the reform of Russian graphics, carried out in 1708 by the decree of Peter I on the introduction of a civil font, issues of spelling began to be associated with general questions about the ways of development of Russian literary language and by the middle of the 18th century acquired social significance. The first who began to specifically study them was V.K. Trediakovsky, who proclaimed in his treatise “A conversation between a foreign person and a Russian about ancient and new spelling and everything that belongs to this matter” (1748) the need for a phonetic principle in Russian spelling as most consistent with the interests of the masses. But this proposal contradicted the already established system of Russian writing and therefore was not successful. Spelling issues are reflected in “Russian Grammar” by M.V. Lomonosov (1755). The spelling norms he proposed, based on a combination of the phonetic principle with the morphological one, were not approved and did not receive the force of law. History of Russian spelling
The approval of spelling norms on a morphological basis is associated with the publication of the “Russian Grammar” of the Academy of Sciences (1802, “1803,1819) and the “Dictionary of the Russian Academy” (1789-1794). However, the spelling norms of that time were not stable, and throughout almost the entire 19th century, significant spelling discrepancies were noted both in official documents and in the works of writers. The spelling reform of 1917-1918 significantly simplified our writing, but did not affect many specific issues of spelling, which served as a source of discrepancy in the practice of writing. In the mid-30s of the 20th century, work began to compile a complete set of spelling and punctuation rules in order to streamline and unify our spelling. The result of long-term work was the “Rules of Russian Spelling and Punctuation,” which are in force to the present day.
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CLAUDE MONET Picture gallery
Tulips of Holland 1872
Sunflowers 1881
Embankment of the Seine, 1880
Regatta near Argenteuil, 1872
Poplars, 1872
Autumn River, 1882
creative work ena Corner of the garden in Montgeron Lady in the garden Haystack
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Choose one of three training tasks. Write down the sentences, correcting speech defects.
Training task 1.Indicate speech errors (repetition of words, obvious and hidden tautology, pleonasm) in the following sentences. Edit them.
1. The direction of economic development in the 20th century, both here and in the West, took the wrong direction.
2. Our program is dedicated to the creativity of veterans of technical creativity.
3. The act is not signed, but a copy is signed, but on the signed copy it is written that it was copied from the original, which is not signed.
4. He was so sick that he constantly caught colds and was sick.
5. A strange situation has arisen: according to this agreement, we must achieve indicators that we have never shown before and cannot show.
6. It also happens that in response to criticism you receive a reverse boomerang.
7. Returning home from a foreign trip, cruise, tour, everyone strives to bring a gift or souvenir as a keepsake.
8. The fact is that earlier in good deeds of our department, everyone participated in its initiatives and undertakings. Now it's a completely different matter.
9. Last fall last year, an unknown swimmer from Holland won the championship, ahead of the strongest aces of the water track.
10. The government in these difficult and difficult times must represent a single monolith.
11. A crowd of people burst into the building.
Training task 2.Indicate the different types of speech redundancy. Edit sentences if necessary.
1. Passengers traveling with travel tickets or documents entitling them to travel for free shall pay the cost of carriage of each piece of baggage on a general basis.
2. The factory's athletes cannot boast of sporting achievements.
3. Igor was demobilized from the army and came to our factory. He began to learn plumbing from the very beginning.
4. In the icy cold and cold, Pavel works at this narrow-gauge railway construction site.
5. B further development Many surprises and surprises await us throughout the plot.
6. When people cooperate and work together, they must mutually respect each other, be attentive, helpful, and sensitive.
7. There have been snowfalls in the past few days, and weather conditions during the current race have created additional difficulties during the current race.
8. What kind of judge would want to be a defendant? (newspaper article headline)
9. Historians explain the rapid economic development of the city by the fact that the crossroads of the most important trade routes converged here.
10. Automatism develops, but this is a conscious automatism, where every movement of the operator is controlled by the mind, intellect, and skill. 1
1. The young man learned to respect work, to work honestly, to value working time, to love equipment and cars.
12. Residents of the city of Kalinov live a monotonous, joyless life... Katerina foresees her death in advance... She cannot return back to the Kabanovs’ house and prefers death to the everyday routine of a joyless and dreary life in which all the noble impulses of her sublime soul are uselessly lost.
Training task 3.Eliminate tautology by using synonyms.
1. In their work, the heads of children's institutions are guided by methodological literature.
2. Now they are recruiting a sports team, the best athletes will go to Moscow.
3. Increasing the responsibility of students in senior years leads to high academic results.
4. The use of this method is possible if the teacher-educator has contact with children, if he knows their capabilities.
5. He again felt that a painful feeling of loneliness came over him.
6. There was a team of soldiers on board the frigate. Their commander was warrant officer Komarov. The team landed on the shore of the bay and built several structures.
7. During the embossing process, rubber retains high hardness and at the same time provides high specific pressure, which makes it possible to obtain a high quality decorative layer on plastics.
8. Freight trains pass by the station, passenger trains pass by, and an ambulance passes by once a day.
9. The fire spread to the neighboring house, which was soon completely engulfed in flames.
10. The following drawback should be noted in this work: the topic being disclosed is not fully disclosed in the work.
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Preparing for independent work according to task No. 5 of the Unified State Examination
« Lexical norms. Paronyms"
Gilded candlesticks, marble sculptures and EXCELLENT paintings in the halls of the museum allow you to travel back in time.
In communicating with people, over time, a reassessment of values is possible: what was previously perceived as SMELL becomes unpleasant.
Representatives of PR services must comply with ETHICAL standards.
Forged products are distinguished by high quality, AESTHETIC appearance and durability.
In combination with the dark brown facade of the building, the gazebo looked very HARMONIOUS.
2. One of the sentences below uses the highlighted word incorrectly. Correct the lexical error by choosing a paronym for the highlighted word. Write down the chosen word.
Before carrying out repair work to replace damaged elements, it is necessary for safety reasons to FENCE the danger area.
The introduction of new requirements will put the developers of the new project in a DIFFICULT position.
A necessary accessory for many games is a PLAYING DIE.
The information service of the city telephone network has published the results of the transition of SUBSCRIBERS to new tariff plans.
THE INDIGENOUS inhabitants of the peninsula have lived separately for many centuries, and their way of life has remained virtually unchanged.
3. One of the sentences below uses the highlighted word incorrectly. Correct the lexical error by choosing a paronym for the highlighted word. Write down the chosen word.
The showroom featured mainly EXECUTIVE class cars.
My brother is a PRACTICAL person: he never throws away old things.
A sandstorm that has hit northwest China has left streets covered in dust and forced to WEAR bandages over their faces.
UNBEARABLE grief befell her.
4. One of the sentences below uses the highlighted word incorrectly. Correct the lexical error by choosing a paronym for the highlighted word. Write down the chosen word.
There are countless virtuoso masters in the world who are ARTISTIC in drawing, painting, composition and create magnificent canvases.
Every evening after the performance, groups of fans crowd at the ARTISTIC entrance waiting for their idol.
Residents of the villages were in a DISTRESSED situation, cut off from the outside world by the flood.
A toy is one of the brightest manifestations of mass culture, deeply vital and DEMOCRATIC.
The DEMOCRATIC views of the party leader were well known.
5. One of the sentences below uses the highlighted word incorrectly. Correct the lexical error by choosing a paronym for the highlighted word. Write down the chosen word.
I was left with a very ambivalent impression of my new acquaintance.
The editor demanded that the correspondent rework the article so that the material was as INFORMATIVE as possible, but at the same time small in volume.
A laureate and DIPLOMANT of many theater festivals, the People's Theater Studio has decided to update its repertoire and will soon invite viewers to the premiere of the play.
Standing in front of me was Dourov, calm, well-groomed Dourov, a man who, apparently, was not too worried about my intolerant attitude towards him.
Where the tanks made sharp turns, frozen CLAY dust rose into the air along with the snow.
6. One of the sentences below uses the highlighted word incorrectly. Correct the lexical error by choosing a paronym for the highlighted word. Write down the chosen word.
Solo mountaineering is a RISKY activity.
These ruins serve us as a mournful MEMORIES of the events of the past.
None of us expected such a cold and even HOSTILE reception.
Indians are the general name for the NATIVE population of America.
I immediately calculated how much they had to PAY.
7. One of the sentences below uses the highlighted word incorrectly. Correct the lexical error by choosing a paronym for the highlighted word. Write down the chosen word.
Jumping out of bed at the same time as the alarm clock rang, Anton quickly put on a tracksuit and sneakers and within a minute was running down the stairs, cheerfully whistling some kind of march.
This outstanding physicist considered himself a complete IGNORANCE in literature.
The young teacher excitedly caught the appreciative glances of the children and continued to speak soulfully about everything that had accumulated in his soul.
Good and TRUST relationships were established between schoolchildren and teachers already in the first days.
8. One of the sentences below uses the highlighted word incorrectly. Correct the lexical error by choosing a paronym for the highlighted word. Write down the chosen word.
An alternative to BULKY cell towers has been found.
A citizen can go to court to refute slander and derogatory characteristics addressed to him.
The footballers experienced ambivalent feelings about the farewell match.
The writer has earned RECOGNITION from his contemporaries.
9. One of the sentences below uses the highlighted word incorrectly. Correct the lexical error by choosing a paronym for the highlighted word. Write down the chosen word.
Politicians from friendly countries have been invited to a DIPLOMATIC meeting.
The document was SIGNATURED by the manager and the buyer.
This houseplant differs in EFFECTIVE coloring of leaves.
On railway DIFFERENTIATED tariffs for cargo transportation apply.
10. One of the sentences below uses the highlighted word incorrectly. Correct the lexical error by choosing a paronym for the highlighted word. Write down the chosen word.
My friend answered questions about his classmates in few words and DIPLOMATICALLY kept silent about the disagreements that existed between them.
With several bright, COLORFUL strokes, the artist depicted children running across the lawn.
In a recently released document, the small island nation threatened its neighbors with severance of DIPLOMATIC relations.
The dense IGNORANCE of the visitor amazed even seasoned and experienced employees.
Under the bridges one could notice instant reflections of stars in the dark - either SWAMP or river - water.
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Copy the sentences by inserting missing letters and punctuation. Write down the rule “I – E in roots with alternation”
The wind did not let up. It disturbed the garden, tore up a stream of smoke and again brought up tresses of ash clouds. They ran low and quickly slipped through the sun. We are... running into... broken water, floating in the middle of a shallow mirror... tide. My raincoat flew through and when it finally looked sunny I took an old rope and hung it up.
Leaning over to the very place, Stepan is trying to fish something out from there. And the water, muddied by the movement of our boat, is saying something (un)probable. Splashes splash and sometimes fountains in...the air rise above the surface of the river.
Copy the sentences by inserting missing letters and punctuation. Write down the rule “I – E in roots with alternation”
The wind did not let up. It disturbed the garden, tore up a stream of smoke and again brought up tresses of ash clouds. They ran low and quickly slipped through the sun. We are... running into... broken water, floating in the middle of a shallow mirror... tide. My raincoat flew through and when it finally looked sunny I took an old rope and hung it up.
Leaning over to the very place, Stepan is trying to fish something out from there. And the water, muddied by the movement of our boat, is saying something (un)probable. Splashes splash and sometimes fountains in...the air rise above the surface of the river.
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Assignments for lesson No. 9 Uppercase and lowercase letters
Task 1 . Choose uppercase or lowercase letters for spellings. Use a dictionary if necessary. Place quotation marks if necessary.
1. The book (A,a)ntuana (D,d)e (S,s)ent (-?) (E,e)kzupery (M,m)scarlet (P,p)prinz was included in the extracurricular reading list for students of the 6th grade, but the poor student (V,v)asya (Sh,sh)ukin, nicknamed (Sh,sh)uka, could not read even ten pages. And in general, from the entire list, he was only able to master (T, t) Urgenev’s story (M, m) to the mind.
2. Ludwig (V,c)an (B,b)Eethoven composed many sonatas, among which there is the sonata (A,a)passionata, which is often named among the favorite (L,l)enin works. After the war, during the (S, s) Talin era, the (L, l) Leningrad Symphony by (Sh, sh) Ostakovich was often named among his favorite musical works (we advise you to look in the dictionaries!).
3. The annual (P,p)ushkin readings, held on the birthday of the great Russian poet, attract many lovers of (P,p)ushkin’s creativity. On this day, famous actors read (P, p) Ushkin’s lines, and researchers are awarded the (P, p) Ushkin medal, a specially established high award.
4. The creation of a code of laws (R,r)usskaya (P,p)ravda is attributed to the times of the reign of (Ya,ya)Roslav (M,m)wise. To find out the year the (D, d) Declaration of (N, n) independence of the United States was compiled, you need to turn to textbooks and reference books (we advise you to look in dictionaries!).
5. About beautiful and femme fatale Often spoken of as a modern (K,k)leopatra, fashion magazines like to mention these (K,k)leopatras of the twentieth century. In these same publications they like to talk about modern (D,d)on(F,f)uans and (K,k)azanovas, but the (D,d)on(K,k)ish desires of glamorous publications are not interesting.
6. A new interpretation of the roles of (D,d)on (S,s)ezar (D,d)e (B,b)azan and (P,p)prince (G,g)amlet was proposed by the head of the theater (S,s )atirikon (K,k)onstantin (R,r)aikin. But many viewers associate the images of (D,d)(’?)(A,a)rtanyan and (K,k)royal (A,a)nnna (A,a)vstriiskaya with Soviet film(D,d))('?)(A,a)rtanyan and three (M,m)ushketeers (we advise you to look in the dictionaries!).
7. Temperature can be measured using (C,t)elsius, (F,f)arenheit and (K,k)elvin scale. But only (K,k)elvin turns out to be a unit of temperature measurement.
8. The Golden Age in Spain is called the time of (E,e)l (G,g)reco, (V,v)lasquez and (L,l)ope (D,d)e (V,v)egi. At the end of the 19th century, Spain, primarily Barcelona, was glorified by the great architect (G,g)audi ( full name(A,a)tonio (G,g)audi (-?) (I,and) (-?) (K,k)ornette) (we advise you to look in the dictionaries!).
9. In 1999, the 500th anniversary of the creation of the (G,d) Gennady (B,b) Bible was celebrated, and more recently - the 950th anniversary of the (O,o)Stromir (E,e) Gospel. Unfortunately, the exact dates of the creation of many written monuments, for example the (N, n) Ovgorod (L, l) chronicle, are unknown to us.
10. Today, parents increasingly name their children by looking at the calendar. In our class there is a student (M,m)atvey, who was born in November on the day of (A,a)apostle and (E,e)vangelist (M,m)atvey, and the most popular names for girls remind us of (B,v) the great martyr (A,a)nastasia and (M,m)disciple (T,t)atiana.
Hard to find educated person who would not know the names of these writers and poets. However, not all literature lovers can say with confidence that they have read all the books of famous writers. Among the little-known books of famous writers there are real masterpieces that, for unknown reasons, have remained unnoticed by the mass reader. We suggest filling this gap and reading little-known books by famous writers from our review.
Joseph Brodsky, "Democracy!"
Fans of Joseph Brodsky's work can recite a lot of his poems by heart and retell his prose. But here is the play “Democracy!” could very well remain unread. Her full text was published only at the beginning of the 21st century, although he wrote “Democracy!” author, approximately in 1989-1990.
Veniamin Kaverin, “Before the Mirror”
Most famous work Veniamin Kaverin’s novel “Two Captains,” but few are familiar with another novel, “Before the Mirror.” For some, the story of Liza Turaeva will seem boring, but for others it will become a reference book. The graceful weaving of historical documents into the narrative adds authenticity to the book.
Vladimir Nabokov, “Look at the Harlequins”
Critics called the little-known novel by the author of Lolita a parody of the autobiography of Vladimir Nabokov. The biography of the writer in seven parts leaves an ambiguous impression and in fact should not be perceived as the memoirs of the author himself. It should be remembered that the novel “Look at the Harlequins,” despite some similarities with the events and experiences of Vladimir Nabokov, is nevertheless entirely a work of fiction.
Daniel Defoe, The Further Adventures of Robinson Crusoe
The English writer immediately after the publication of Robinson Crusoe wrote a continuation of the adventures of his hero. In them he returns to the island, finding life in his usual surroundings extremely boring. After a rapid political career in the native tribe, Robinson Crusoe ends up in Russia, where he will have to live for several months.
Oscar Wilde, "The Ballad of Reading Gaol"
The famous writer created his works after he himself experienced the sad experience of serving a sentence in prison. Real stories, which Oscar Wilde met in prison and then used as the basis for his poem, made an indelible impression on the writer at one time.
Jack London, "Strider in the Stars"
Despite the fact that the film “The Jacket” was made based on the novel, it is still not as popular as other works by Jack London. The hero of “The Wanderer in the Stars” learns to survive in the unbearable conditions of a California prison, where he will spend his whole life serving a sentence for murder.
Jerome David Salinger, "The Birthday Boy"
The short story by the author of the novel “The Catcher in the Rye” has never been published, but on the World Wide Web you can, if you wish, find copies of the work and its translation, including into Russian. The typewritten text is kept at the University of Texas, and the reasons why the story is not published are very simple. It is believed that Salinger himself did not intend to publish the story, since, unlike other works, there is not even the slightest hint of correction of the main character.
Ray Bradbury, "Masks"
Ray Bradbury, having written only part of “Masks,” put the work aside and never returned to its completion. Subsequently, the novel had to be restored from fragments of manuscripts. However, echoes of the unfinished novel can be found in The Martian Chronicles.
Francis Scott Fitzgerald, "I'll Die for You"
The collection of short stories by the famous American writer was first published many years after Fitzgerald's death. In these works, a completely different, unfamiliar and incomprehensible writer appears before the reader. Some stories leave a dark impression and allow you to look at Fitzgerald's personality from a different perspective.
Francoise Sagan, "Tears in Red Wine"
The collection of stories by the French author included those works by Francoise Sagan that were practically unknown to readers. However, the stories themselves are as charming as all the other works of the writer. They again and again raise the eternal theme of the relationship between a man and a woman.
A person’s path to the heights of fame and success is of undoubted interest, and if the biography of a celebrity is also written in living language, then the value of such a book increases many times over. fell, suffered, rose and moved forward again, overcoming difficulties to achieve the goal.
In one of the sentences given below, the word used is INCORRECTLY mentioned. Correct the lexical error by taking the word to the right word. For-pi-shi-those swear words.
At the resort on the coast, the heat is UNSTER-PI-MAY all month long.
Young participants in the fe-sti-va-la co-created the-e-k-re-presentation in the do-cu-men-tal-nom and DRA-MA-TICH-NOM jean -rah.
Scientists have brought to life one of Leo-nar-do da Vinci's models: MIK-RO-SKO-PI-CHE-SKY flying robot fly was presented -len at the congress in Italy.
Explanation (see also Rule below).
DRA-MA-TICH-NYY means “straight-female” (dra-ma-tic-naya si-tu-a-tion). According to the context, under-ra-zu-me-va-et-sya DRA-MA-TI-CHE-SKY.
The word “ironic” is not quite mentioned in the word “ironic remark, you-said” va-nie, style »
Answer: dra-ma-ti-che-skom.
Answer: dramatic
Rule: Task 5. Using paronyms
Paronyms are words that are similar in sound, but differ (partially or completely) in meaning.
Sometimes in our speech there are words that sound similar, but have different shades of meaning or are completely different in semantics. Among lexical errors caused by ignorance of the exact meaning of a word, the most common are errors associated with non-delimitation or confusion of paronyms.
The linguistic term “paronym”, Greek in origin, literally means “same name”: Greek. para- identical, onyma- Name.
Paronyms can be called both words of the same root and similar in sound, which, despite all their similarity, still differ in shades of meaning or denote different realities of reality.
“Analysis of the performance of task 5 showed that the difficulty for 40% of examinees is not only recognizing an error made when using paronyms, but also selecting a paronym appropriate to the context for editing an example with an error, which reveals the narrowness of the examinees’ vocabulary.” To help students select paronym words, a “Dictionary of Paronyms” is published annually. It is not for nothing that it is called a “dictionary”, since “Dictionaries” contain thousands of paronymous words. Minimum included in the dictionary will be used in CMMs, but learning paronyms for task 5 is not an end in itself. This knowledge will allow you to avoid numerous speech errors in written work.
Please note that the RESHUEGE assignments contain assignments from previous years, and they contain words not from this list.
Write the word in the form required in the sentence. This requirement is based on the fact that the rules for filling out forms indicate: if the short answer should be a word missing in a certain sentence, then this word must be written in the form (gender, number, case, etc.) in which it should stand in a sentence. Dictionary of Unified State Examination paronyms. Russian language. 2019 FIPI.
Subscription - subscriber
Artistic - artistic
Poor - distressed
Unresponsive - irresponsible
Swampy - swampy
Grateful - grateful
Charitable - beneficial
Former - former
Inhale - sigh
Age-old - eternal
Great - majestic
replenish - replenish - fill - fill - overfill - replenish
Hostile - hostile
Choosing - choosing
Benefit - profitability
Issue - release - transfer - distribution
Payment - payment - payment - payment
Pay - pay - pay - repay - pay
Grow - grow - grow
Growing - growing - growing
High - high-rise
Guaranteed - guaranteed
Harmonic - harmonious
Clay - clay
Annual - annual - annual
Pride - pride
Humanism - humanity
Humanistic - humanitarian - humane
Binary - double - dual - double - doubled - doubled
Effective - valid - effective
Busy - businesslike - efficient - efficient
Democratic - democratic
Dictation - dictate
Diplomat - diplomat
Diplomatic - diplomatic
Long - long
Kind - kind
Confidential - trusting
Rainy - rainy
Dramatic - dramatic
Friendly - friendly - friendly
Single - the only one
Desired - desirable
Cruel - tough
Life - worldly
Housing - residential
fence off - fence off - fence off - fence off - fence off
Lower - lower - lower
Pay - pay
Fill - fill - overflow
Filled - filled - overflowing
Initiator - instigator
Bestial - brutal
Sound - sonorous
Visual - spectator
Inventive - inventive
Informative - informational - information - awareness
Ironic - ironic
Artificial - artificial
Executive - performing
Outgoing - outgoing
Rocky - stony
Comfortable - comfortable
Equestrian - horse
Chunky - root - root
Bone - bone
Colorful - dyeing - dyed
Lacquered - lacquered
Ice - icy
Wooded - forest
Personal - personal
Microscopic - microscopic
Ice cream - freezing - frosty
put on - put on
Availability - cash
Reminder - mention
Ignorant - ignoramus
Intolerable - impatient - intolerant
Unsuccessful - unlucky
Accused - Accused
Snippet - excerpt
To embrace - to embrace
limit - limit - limit
Call - response
Organic - organic
Selective - qualifying
Deviation - evasion
deviate - evade
Distinguish - differentiate
Difference - difference
Memorable - memorable
Endure - endure
Buying - buying - buying
Populist - popular
Honorable - respectful - honorable
Practical - practical
Provide - submit
Representative - representative
Recognized - grateful
Productive - grocery
Productive - production - productivity
Enlightening - enlightened
Journalistic - journalistic
Shy - scared
Irritability - irritability
Rhythmic - rhythmic
Romantic - romantic
Secretive - hidden
Vocabulary - verbal
Resistance - resistance
Neighboring - neighborly
Comparable - comparative
Stage - scenic
Technical - technical
Lucky - lucky
Humiliated - humiliating
Actual - factual
Predatory - predatory
Royal - royal - reigning
Whole - whole - whole
Economic - economical - economical
Aesthetic - aesthetic
Ethical - ethical
Effective - spectacular
Efficiency - effectiveness