Shoe industry- a traditional craft that goes back centuries and represents the art of making shoes for various purposes and types. Currently, hand-made shoes shoemakers or shoemakers is gradually disappearing, being replaced by the industrial production of shoes through machines and operating lines. The artisanal, individual method of shoe production is also disappearing, giving way to large manufacturing companies.

Shoe manufacturers produce a wide range of different footwear products, including boots, shoes, low shoes, sandals, moccasins and clogs.

Industrial items are traditionally made from materials such as leather, wood, rubber, plastic, jute or other similar materials, and are often composed of multiple parts to better withstand salt that can damage the leather top base.

Most shoemakers use lasts made of wood or metal, but, in lately, often the material for the block is plastic. Some pads are straight, while others vary - one for the left foot, one for the right.

The profession of a shoemaker has given rise to many phenomena modern culture, for example, the proverb “A shoemaker without boots” (describing a situation when a professional in some field unnecessarily does not use his own skills for personal purposes). Shoemakers are also called shoe repairers.

Some types of shoes

Some options for old and traditionally made types of shoes:

Fur strips wrapped around the foot and sandals worn over them: such shoes were often used by the ancient Romans, who were military service at outposts in northern Europe.
Clogs: wooden shoes, often stuffed with straw to warm the foot.
Moccasins: simple shoes, often without a hard sole at the bottom, made by the Indians North America made from tanned animal skin. Modern industry produces lightweight shoes with the same name, reminiscent of some traditional moccasins in appearance, but made using a different technology.

Main parts of shoes

Welt - load-bearing part of shoes
Hard toe cap - intermediate part of the upper
The vamp is the outer part of the shoe upper
Boots - external parts of the upper that cover the back of the foot
Lining - the inner part of the shoe upper
Hard back - reinforcing part
The heel is a leather part on the inside of the heel (“pocket” in shoemaker slang)
Sole - part of the bottom of the shoe
Insole - lining part
Gelenok (instep support) - a wooden or steel spring that supports the arch of the foot.
Heel - elevated heel part
Tops - the upper part of boots covering the lower leg

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Notes

Literature

Lermantov V.V. Shoemaking // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - St. Petersburg. , 1890-1907.

Excerpt characterizing the Shoe industry

Stella quietly “conjured” something, and a second later she looked like plump Leah, and I, naturally, got Mom, which made me laugh a lot... And we put on, as I understood, just energy images, with the help whom we hoped to find the missing people we needed.
– This is the positive side of using other people’s images. And there is also a negative one - when someone uses it for bad purposes, like the entity that put on my grandmother’s “key” so that it could beat me. Grandma explained all this to me...
It was funny to hear how this tiny girl expressed such serious truths in a professorial voice... But she really took everything very seriously, despite her sunny, happy character.
- Well, let's go, “girl Leah”? – I asked with great impatience.
I really wanted to see these other “floors” while I still had the strength to do so. I had already noticed what a big difference there was between this one we were on now and the “upper”, Stella’s “floor”. Therefore, it was very interesting to quickly “plunge” into another unfamiliar world and learn about it, if possible, as much as possible, because I was not at all sure whether I would ever return here again.
– Why is this “floor” so much denser than the previous one, and more filled with entities? – I asked.
“I don’t know...” Stella shrugged her fragile shoulders. – Maybe because only good people live here, who did no harm to anyone while they lived in their last life. That's why there are more of them here. And at the top there live entities that are “special” and very strong... - here she laughed. – But I’m not talking to myself, if that’s what you’re thinking! Although my grandmother says that my essence is very old, more than a million years old... It’s scary how old it is, right? How can we know what happened a million years ago on Earth?..,” the girl said thoughtfully.
– Or maybe you weren’t on Earth at all then?
“Where?!..” Stella asked dumbfounded.
- Well, I don’t know. “Can’t you look?” I was surprised.
It seemed to me then that with her abilities ANYTHING was possible!.. But, to my great surprise, Stella shook her head negatively.
“I still know very little, only what my grandmother taught me.” “As if regretting it,” she answered.
- Do you want me to show you my friends? – I suddenly asked.
And without letting her think, I recalled our meetings in my memory, when my wonderful “star friends” came to me so often, and when it seemed to me that nothing more interesting could possibly happen...
“Oh, this is such a beauty!...” Stella exhaled with delight. And suddenly, seeing the same strange signs that they showed me many times, she exclaimed: “Look, they taught you!.. Oh, how interesting this is!”
I stood in a completely frozen state and could not utter a word... They taught me???... Did I really have some important information in my brain all these years, and instead of somehow understanding it, I , like a blind kitten, floundered in her petty attempts and guesses, trying to find some kind of truth in them?!... And I had all this “ready-made” a long time ago?..
Without even knowing what they taught me there, I was simply seething with indignation at myself for such an oversight. Just think, some “secrets” were revealed right in front of my nose, and I didn’t understand anything!.. Probably, they definitely revealed it to the wrong person!!!
- Oh, don’t kill yourself like that! – Stella laughed. – Show it to your grandmother and she will explain it to you.
– Can I ask you - who is your grandmother? – I asked, embarrassed that I was entering “private territory”.
Stella thought, wrinkling her nose funny (she had this funny habit when she was seriously thinking about something), and said not very confidently:
– I don’t know... Sometimes it seems to me that she knows everything, and that she is very, very old... We had many photographs of the house, and she is the same everywhere - the same as now. I never saw how young she was. Strange, isn't it?
– And you never asked?..
- No, I think she would have told me if it was necessary... Oh, look at that! Oh, how beautiful!.. – the little girl suddenly squealed in delight, pointing her finger at the strange sea waves sparkling with gold. This, of course, was not the sea, but the waves really were very similar to the sea - they rolled heavily, overtaking each other, as if playing, only at the break point, instead of snow-white sea foam, here everything sparkled and shimmered with red gold , spraying thousands of transparent golden sprays... It was very beautiful. And we, naturally, wanted to see all this beauty closer...

Textile industry

The main products of the industry - fabrics - are used to meet the needs of the population, and are also used as raw materials and auxiliary materials in the sewing, shoe, food industry, in mechanical engineering, etc.

Leading industry in the structure of the textile industry cotton. Currently, the leading factors for the location of the cotton industry are the availability of consumers, skilled labor, and employment in heavy industrial areas.

The main area of concentration of the cotton industry is the Central Federal District. The first place in terms of production volume is occupied by the Ivanovo region. Followed by

Moscow and Moscow region, Vladimir region. There are also cotton enterprises in the Tver, Yaroslavl, Kaluga and Smolensk regions.

Among other regions in this industry, the Chuvash Republic, Volgograd, Saratov and Novosibirsk region. There are enterprises in the Krasnodar region, in the Volgograd region, in the Altai region, etc.

Linen industry was initially tied only to flax-producing areas. Currently, the raw material factor plays a lesser role in placement, since even with the relatively low transportability of flax fiber, the costs of its transportation are small in the cost of yarn. The provision of qualified labor resources is of paramount importance. Primary processing of flax is always concentrated in flax-growing areas.

The main region for growing fiber flax and producing fabrics is the Central Federal District. The main enterprises are concentrated in the Vladimir, Ivanovo, Kostroma and Yaroslavl regions. There are also large flax mills in Smolensk and Vyazma, Smolensk region.

The second most important region of the flax industry is the Northwestern Federal District (Vologda and Vologda region, Pskov and Pskov region). There are also enterprises in the Volga, Ural and Siberian districts. The largest of them are located in Nizhny Novgorod, Kazan, Kirov, Yekaterinburg and Biysk.

Wool industry produces a variety of products: household fabrics, carpets, blankets, technical cloth, etc.

Primary processing of wool is a very material-intensive process; unwashed wool is economically difficult to transport (up to 70% of the weight of wool goes to waste when washed). The costs of transporting washed wool and chemical semi-finished products are relatively low. Therefore, it is most effective to locate the production of wool fabrics in areas of population concentration, and the primary processing of wool in areas of developed sheep breeding.

The wool industry, like other branches of the textile industry, is concentrated within the Central Federal District.

The majority of enterprises are located in the Moscow region. The production of woolen fabrics is developed in Bryansk and Bryansk region(Klintsy), Ivanovo and Ivanovo region (Shuya), Tver and Tver region (Zavidovo), Kaluga region (Borovsk), Ryazan region (Murmino), in Tambov region(Rasskazovo, Morshansk).

Wool fabrics are also produced in the Volga and Ural federal districts (in the Tyumen and Sverdlovsk, Ulyanovsk and Penza regions and the Republic of Bashkortostan), in St. Petersburg, Krasnodar, Yekaterinburg, Chita, Ulan-Ude, Omsk, etc.

In the balance of raw materials silk industry the proportion of natural fibers is negligible. Silk fabrics are made mainly from artificial and synthetic fibers. The main factors for the location of the industry at present are consumer And labor .

In the Central Federal District, the silk industry is located mainly in Moscow and the Moscow region (Naro-Fominsk, Pavlovsky Posad, etc.). There is a silk mill and a silk factory in the city of Kirzhach, Vladimir region, a silk weaving factory in Tver, a silk fabric factory in Korablin, Ryazan region.

The Volga Federal District also became an important center of the silk industry. The largest enterprises are: Orenburg Silk Factory, Tchaikovsky Silk Fabric Factory in the Perm Region, Balashovsky Raincoat Fabric Factory in the Saratov Region, etc.

Other regions play a much more modest role in the production of silk fabrics. It should be noted the Kemerovo Silk Factory and the Krasnoyarsk Silk Factory.

Knitting industry is based on the use of natural and chemical fibers as raw materials; focuses its location on areas of developed textile industry and on the consumer. The knitting industry produces knitted fabric, underwear and outerwear, hosiery, gloves and other products.

The main regions of the knitting industry are the Central and Northwestern federal districts.

Garment industry. Garment industry enterprises are distributed more evenly throughout the country than textile enterprises. They are available in almost every region and primarily satisfy domestic needs.

The main factor of placement is consumer , since fabrics are economically more transportable than finished products. Ready-made garment manufacturing enterprises are usually concentrated in large industrial centers.

Leather and footwear industry and fur industry

The Central, Southern and North Caucasus federal districts are leaders in this industry.

Shoe production - mass, multi-product, with a quick change of assortment, aimed at the mass consumer, characterized by a relatively high level of concentration and specialization. Its distinctive feature is its increased labor and material consumption. An important task is to strengthen the industry’s own raw material base. Currently, a third of all raw materials consumed for shoe production at domestic enterprises are imported.

Footwear industry enterprises are currently concentrated in Moscow and the Moscow region, Kirov, Tula, Penza regions, and the Republic of Bashkortostan. It should also be noted the Chelyabinsk and Tver regions, Stavropol Territory.

Leather goods industry produces bags, gloves, cases, sports balls, saddlery and other products. The main centers are Moscow and St. Petersburg.

The share of light industry in the Russian economy has been steadily declining over the past twenty years. In the current global light industry market, Russia is predominantly an importer of products.

At the same time, the market for light industrial goods in Russia is very large and is second only to the market for food products; the volume of consumption tends to grow. Therefore, domestic demand is satisfied mainly through imports.

The industry has accumulated problems associated with high wear and tear of main technological equipment, lack of qualified personnel, relatively low quality of products that do not allow them to compete with imports, and lack of own working capital.

In the light industry of Russia, the task is not so much to increase production volumes, but to preserve industrial potential and qualified personnel, and introduce achievements scientific and technological progress, new technologies.

It is necessary to develop small businesses in light industry, especially in the production of lace, stitching and gold embroidery, national clothing, shawls, etc.

Further development and improvement of light industry as an industry aimed at meeting the needs of people is one of the conditions for creating a socially oriented economy in the country.

The history of shoes as a piece of clothing for the feet goes back more than 25 thousand years; it is to this time period that modern scientists date the spread among “Homo sapiens” of special devices for preserving the lower extremities from frost, dampness and mechanical dangers. The first shoes were as natural as possible and consisted of windings made of palm leaves, papyrus, bast, animal skin and sometimes even tree bark, which were attached to the ankle using strong plant cords or a leather strap. Such footwear met all the requirements of the time - it was affordable and protected the feet from injury and hypothermia. However, there was no need to talk about comfort or even minimal convenience.

They began to take into account the physiology of the foot and the emotions of the shoe wearer only in ancient times, when high, soft leather, more reminiscent of stockings, boots, and the use of different patterns for the right and left shoes became widespread. In addition, with the advent of new technologies, shoes began to become an indicator of wealth or social status. For example, patricians had the right to attach their shoes to their feet with 4 straps, while the plebeians were content with one.

However, shoes as an attribute of style and status fully realized itself during the Middle Ages. The extravagant King Philip IV was not too lazy to issue a decree, which clearly stipulated what kind of shoes someone should wear according to their status. And since pointed-toe shoes were in fashion in those days, it was their prominent part that became a sign of nobility. Princes and barons often tied the toe of their shoes with string to their shin, so that the reminder of their high position would not cause injury when walking.

The appearance of the first guilds or workshops of shoemakers also dates back to the era of developed feudalism, whereas previously shoes were made by master shoemakers individually and according to their own pricing policy, now the shoe craft has become clearly subordinate not only to the market, but also to a kind of trade union. In the workshops, the quality and aesthetics of shoes were of paramount importance; in addition, it became possible to produce large quantities of shoes in a short time.

During the Renaissance, shoes were returned to their original function, because the toes of the shoes became shorter and the heels narrower. It was at this time that the first heels appeared, which made men's shoes more elegant; women's shoes at that time were not considered an item requiring an aesthetic touch - the long hems of fluffy skirts covered women's legs from prying eyes. Only in the 18th century did women have the opportunity to show off their legs, dressed in brocade and silk light shoes. Men's court fashion at that time was distinguished by the height of the heel and the obligatory luxurious bows on the instep. Medical aspects of wearing shoes At that time, the gentlemen were of little concern, which led to a large number of tendon injuries and leg diseases.

The emergence of a shoemaker's manufactory and the division of shoe manufacturing into stages can be attributed to this time. Now more than one craftsman led the entire process of making a boot from blanks to decoration; each stage was handled by a specialist in this particular matter. However, it was still practically impossible to simply come and buy men’s sandals; each pair of shoes was made “for the client” and certainly to order; the materials and labor were too expensive for continuous work.

In the nineteenth century, shoes turned to face the person and his health, and shocking bright ones were replaced by practical, comfortable and wearable leather shoes and boots, which began to be cut taking into account the configuration of the foot. The European footwear industry is experiencing extraordinary growth.

Since the second half of the 19th century, mechanical production has been replacing manual labor. And by the beginning of the 20th century it reached 500 pairs per year for each employee, and by the middle of the century - up to 3000 pairs. The Italian shoe industry occupies a leading position in the quality, comfort and beauty of shoes. to this day it is considered the “crown” of shoe thought, both in terms of aesthetic and functional criteria. Along with the products of Italian shoemakers, Spanish and Portuguese shoes are in demand and authority all over the world, as successful representatives of the price-name-quality ratio.

Today, most shoe production is fully automated; in many areas, computer-controlled machines are used, which makes it possible to accurately follow centuries-old footwear manufacturing technology, and the artisanal orders that have been preserved in Europe are responsible for the quality of shoes not only by the brand, but also by the conscience of the craftsmen. European shoes today are an element of style, a state of mind, comfort of movement and an indicator of success.

The assortment of this industry is quite high, although somewhat inferior to the clothing industry. The industry is characterized by a variety of raw materials for production. In addition to natural ones, synthetic raw materials, which are much cheaper, have recently been increasingly used. Expensive leather shoes today account for no more than 1/3 of the total number of shoes produced (12 billion pairs per year).

The footwear industry, among the light industries, has moved the most from developed countries to developing countries. The leaders in the production of shoes have become the People's Republic of China (which has overtaken the former leaders Italy and the USA in its production and produces more than 40% of shoes in the world) and other Asian countries - the Republic of Korea, Taiwan, Japan, Indonesia, Vietnam, Thailand. In developed countries (Italy, USA, Austria, Germany stand out), the production of leather shoes from expensive raw materials, with high labor intensity of production, has been preserved. The largest manufacturer and exporter of such shoes is Italy. In Russia, shoe production has decreased several times in recent years, and the country has transformed from the world's largest shoe producer (in 1990, second only to China) into a significant importer.

Thus, the main branches of light industry are currently developing especially rapidly in countries of new industrialization and other developing countries, which is largely due to their high supply of raw materials and cheap labor. Industrially developed countries, having lost their positions in a number of traditional mass, technically uncomplicated industries (cheap types of fabrics, shoes, clothing and other types of consumer products), retain a leading role in the manufacture of especially fashionable, high-quality, expensive products oriented towards high technology and labor qualifications, a limited circle of consumers (production of carpets, furs, jewelry, standards of shoes, clothing, fabrics from expensive raw materials, etc.).

Food industry Together with light industry, it is part of the complex for the production of consumer goods and services. At the same time, it is the main processing industry within the agro-industrial complex (AIC). The food industry is more inclined towards the agro-industrial complex than towards the complex for the production of consumer goods and services. The main purpose of this industry is food production. The food industry includes over 20 industries. The territorial organization of this industry is greatly influenced by raw materials and consumer factors . Based on the nature of the raw materials used and the principles of location, the food industry can be combined into the following three groups:

Industries focused on raw material sources - sugar, butter, cheese, canned milk, oil and fat, fruits and vegetables, canned fish, alcohol, starch and syrup and others. When locating these industries, the costs of raw materials per unit of finished product are taken into account. Typically, these industries focus on raw materials, and at the enterprises of these industries there is high consumption(for example, in sugar production, sugar beet waste accounts for 85%). In addition, many types of raw materials are not subject to long-term transportation and storage.

Industries gravitating towards places of consumption of finished products , - bakery, brewing, confectionery, sugar refinery, pasta and others. Enterprises in these industries, as a rule, use raw materials that have already undergone primary processing or produce perishable products, so they are located near populated areas.

Third group - industries that focus on both raw materials and consumers . These are the meat, dairy and flour milling industries.

The approach of the food industry to raw material bases and places of consumption of finished products is achieved in some industries through the specialization of enterprises by stages of the technological process: primary processing of raw materials is located near sources of raw materials, and the production of finished products is located in consumption centers. This division of the technological process can be observed in the tobacco, tea and wine industries.

An important branch of the food industry is fish , which is distinguished by the peculiarities of its raw material base and technological processes. Primary processing of the fish catch is carried out on the open sea at large floating fish factories, and then at fish processing plants located on the shore.

World production of fish and seafood reaches 130 million tons per year, of which 4/5 comes from the seas and oceans, and 1/5 from fresh water bodies.

The geography of world marine fisheries underwent great changes in the second half of the 20th century. The “epicenter” of this industry has moved from the North Atlantic (Norway, Great Britain, Denmark, Germany, USA) to the North Pacific. Today, China, Peru, Japan, India, the USA, Indonesia, Chile, Russia, Thailand, and Norway are the leaders in terms of fish catch and seafood production (see table 30 of the textbook, p. 395). For some countries, the fishing industry has become an industry of international specialization (Norway).

1.1 Shoe production as a type of economic activity: concept, essence, structure

The shoe industry is a traditional craft that dates back centuries and represents the art of making shoes for various purposes and types. Currently, the hand-made production of shoes by shoemakers or shoemakers is gradually disappearing, being replaced by the industrial production of shoes through machines and operating lines. The artisanal, individual method of shoe production is also disappearing, giving way to large manufacturing companies. Shoe manufacturers produce a wide range of different footwear products, including boots, shoes, low shoes, sandals, moccasins and clogs.

Shoes are traditionally made from materials such as leather, wood, rubber, plastic, jute or other similar materials, and are often constructed in multiple pieces to better withstand salt that can damage the leather upper.

The manufacturing process of creating a shoe involves many parts. At the first stage, in the cutting shop, the components of the future shoe are made from the resulting, already dressed leather. Typically, the number of such parts is about 30 pieces for one product. They are cut out using stencils (or cutters) and a special punching press installed in the workshop. This machine operates in several modes set by the operator. Setting the mode depends on the thickness of the material and the height of the cutter; depending on the mode, the height from which the press is lowered changes. In the same workshop, insoles for future boots are also cut out, but using a different press, specially designed for such work. First, a special fabric is pressed on both sides to form an insole, then the edges are sanded. Then, the blanks are glued with rubber glue. Future warm insoles pass through another special press. In the cutting shop, two punching presses are necessary to obtain the necessary parts for the future shoe. One of them does the work related to the parts for the upper of the shoe, the other for the bottom and multi-layer decking.

To make insoles you need the following equipment:

1. Press for forming the insole.

2. Chamfering machine: This machine grinds the edges of the insoles.

3. Machine for applying glue to half-insoles.

4. Hydraulic press for forming a warm insole (optional).

5. Machine for lowering the edges of shoe bottoms.

The next workshop, the blank shop, is filled with markers who draw the lines of future seams with a pencil. After the markings are applied, the blanks are sent to firing, where the edges of the parts are heat treated, painted, and then sanded using a special edge running machine, as a result of which the edges become thin and suitable for stitching. There are four machines operating in this area:

1. Double Draw Machine: This machine aligns the top pieces, making them the same thickness.

2. Machine for branding details: with its help, each pair of shoes receives its own identification number.

3. The hemming machine makes the upper parts easier to stitch by thinning the edges of the parts.

4. Machine for duplicating parts of the top, lining and hot-melt materials.

The next workshop is sewing. Here, with the help of special machines, seamstresses sew together leather parts to obtain blanks. After joining the parts, thermoplastic inserts are glued into the blanks, thanks to which the shape of the boot remains in its original form longer. These inserts are put on a metal foot heated to 150 degrees Celsius, after which the workpiece is immediately cooled at a temperature of -20 degrees. Deformation of the workpiece at this stage is also prevented by temporary laces threaded into the workpiece. Equipment required for the sewing area:

1. Sewing conveyor.

2. Special sewing machines.

3. Installation for spreading glue (in case some parts stick together).

4. Toe inserting machine.

5. Machine for bending the edges of parts.

6. Back Seam Pressing Machine

7. Machine for molding vamps (Leather patch on the toe and instep of the boot, as well as the front part of the shoe blank, Ozhegov’s dictionary).

At the next stage - the assembly section - a sole is glued to the workpiece, previously “baked” in a special oven at a temperature of 60 degrees. After this, unnecessary rubber remains are cut off from the sole. After this, the boot can be considered ready. It is polished with sheep's wool coated with wax. The following equipment is required at the assembly site:

Assembly line.

1. Machine for nailing insoles.

2. Machine for forming and preforming the vamp.

3. Machine for forming backdrops.

4. Tightening machine.

5. Humidification machine.

6. Pass-through dryer.

7. Cooling tunnel.

8. Blowing machine.

9. Ruffing machine.

10. Marking machine.

11. Thermal activator of adhesive films.

12. Press for gluing seams.

13. Machine for removing shoes from lasts.

14. Machine for smoothing the boot.

15. Polishing and cleaning machine.

The main material for making high-quality shoes is leather. Genuine leather for shoe production in the Russian Federation is offered by the Moscow factory "Ronnon". In addition, there are many tanneries throughout the country. Among them: Ostashkovsky tannery (Tver region), Russian Leather plant (Ryazan), Smilovichi tannery and others. As a rule, purchases are calculated in tons. Depending on the type, the cost of leather varies:

From 100-180 rubles per square meter (cattle leather)

From 50 - 150 rubles per square meter (suede)

From 100 rubles per square meter (perforated leather)

Chemical materials for shoe production are provided by Titrus. Among the chemical materials: finishing materials: finishing, liquids, creams, oils, products for treating edges and seams, adhesives, reagents for preparing surfaces for gluing, liquid polyurethanes for the production of soles, paints. Prices must be confirmed with suppliers.

Shoe boxes are produced in special factories that deal with various packaging, ready to make packaging specifically for you, indicating the brand or name of the factory. Among such manufacturers in our country: “Planet Packaging”, “Antek”, “Iris Pack” and others.

A shoe manufacturing enterprise must have sufficient space for the installation of equipment and convenient work for operators. The required area of the enterprise, taking into account workshops, warehouses and office departments, can be up to 7 thousand square meters. As for the operators, not all machines have an automatic mode, therefore, machine workers will be required for almost every machine. For constant, uninterrupted production, you will need a number of operators that will be sufficient to operate the production in two shifts. On average, about 250 people will be required to work in production.

The enterprise where shoes are produced must have all the necessary communications: electricity, gas and water supply, telephone installation. It is necessary to take into account the loads, in particular the electrical load, which, due to the operation of the machines, can be up to 50 kW.

Certification of shoes for adults is a voluntary process, for children it is mandatory. Produced shoes for adults are subject to mandatory declaration. Shoes intended for wear, in addition to sports, national and orthopedic, must comply with a number of GOSTs. Only shoes without production damage, of the same size in pairs, with correctly connected parts, etc. can receive a certificate of conformity and a declaration. All shoes in the Russian Federation are subject to sanitary and epidemiological control.

Production of leather, leather goods and footwear -

OKVED code 19 Production of leather, leather products and footwear production includes the following activities:

OKVED code 19.1 Tanning and finishing of leather.

OKVED code 19.10 Tanning and finishing of leather. This class includes: production of natural grain leather, production of suede, parchment leather, patent leather and metallized leather, production of composite leather. This class does not include: - production of raw hides and skins.

OKVED code 19.2 Production of suitcases, bags and similar products made of leather and other materials; production of saddlery and other leather goods.

OKVED code 19.20 Production of suitcases, bags and similar products made of leather and other materials; production of saddlery and other leather goods. This class includes: the production of suitcases, bags and similar products from natural or composite leather and other materials (plastics, textiles, fiber or cardboard) using the same technology.

Footwear production OKVED code 19.30. This group includes: production of footwear for any purpose, including sports shoes, except orthopedic, from any material using various technologies, including injection molding, production of gaiters, leggings and similar products from any material (leather, fabric, felt, knitwear), production of shoe parts: uppers and upper parts, soles, insoles, heels, etc. This group does not include: production of asbestos footwear, production of orthopedic shoes, production of boots with attached skates, including roller skates.

In Fig. 1.1 shows the structure of footwear production according to OKVED.

Fig 1.1 Structure of footwear production according to OKVED

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