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1. Childhood
Nekrasov Nikolai Alekseevich was born on December 28, 1821 in the quiet town of the Podolsk province of Nemirovo, where that year the regiment in which his father, Aleksey Sergeevich Nekrasov, who came from a family of small landed nobles, served, was temporarily stationed.
His childhood years were spent in the village of Greshnev, on the family estate of his father, a man of a despotic character who oppressed not only the serfs, but also his family, which the future poet witnessed. Perhaps that is why in Nekrasov’s works one can discern notes of pity for his own mother. The poet's mother, an educated woman, was his first teacher; she instilled in him a love of literature and the Russian language.
2. Youth
In 1832 - 1837 Nekrasov studied at the Yaroslavl gymnasium. Then he began to write poetry.
At the age of 17 he moved to St. Petersburg, but, refusing to devote himself to a military career, as his father insisted, he was deprived of material support. In 1838, against the will of his father, the future poet tries to enter the university. Having failed the entrance exams, he became a volunteer student and attended lectures at the Faculty of Philology for two years. The disasters that befell Nekrasov were subsequently reflected in his poems and the unfinished novel “The Life and Adventures of Tikhon Trostnikov.”
In order not to die of hunger, he began to write poetry commissioned by booksellers. At this time he met V. Belinsky. Soon Nekrasov’s business “went uphill”, he gives lessons, writes small articles for local newspapers, which even allows him to save money).
3. Literary and journalistic activities
Nikolai Alekseevich’s affairs went so successfully that in 1847 Nekrasov and Panaev acquired the Sovremennik magazine, founded by A. S. Pushkin. The influence of the magazine grew every year, until in 1862 the government suspended its publication, and then completely banned the magazine. This year, Nekrasov acquired the Karabikha estate, not far from Yaroslavl, where he came every summer, spending time hunting and communicating with friends from the people.
After the closure of the Sovremennik magazine, Nekrasov acquired the right to publish Otechestvennye Zapiski, with which the last ten years of his life were associated. During these years, he worked on the poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'” (1866 - 76), wrote poems about the Decembrists and their wives (“Grandfather”, 1870; “Russian Women”, 1871 - 72). In addition, he created a series of satirical works, the pinnacle of which was the poem “Contemporaries” (1875).
4. Disease
But the euphoria from a good life did not last long, because already in 1850 the writer became very ill (doctors even predicted his imminent death), but the trip to Italy significantly improved Nekrasov’s health. In 1875, Nekrasov was diagnosed with intestinal cancer, after which the writer’s life turned into a slow departure into another world. It was in the period before his death that Nekrasov, having received support from close people, took up creativity with renewed vigor. Nikolai Alekseevich died in December 1877. The funeral of this extraordinary, but undoubtedly great personality in Russian literature, was organized by numerous fans and took place at the Novodevichy Cemetery.
Biography of Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov
The talented Russian writer Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov was born on November 28, 1821 in the small town of Nemirovo, Podolsk province, into the large family of the impoverished nobleman Alexei Sergeevich Nekrasov. My father was a lieutenant in the Jaeger regiment in Nemirov. His mother is Alexandra Andreevna Zakrevskaya, who fell in love with him against the will of her wealthy parents. The marriage took place without their blessing. But contrary to the expectations of Nekrasov’s wife, the couple’s family life was unhappy. The poet's father was distinguished by his despotism towards his wife and thirteen children. He had many addictions, which led to the impoverishment of the family and the need to move to the village of Greshneva, his father’s family estate, in 1824, where the future prose writer and publicist spent his unhappy childhood.
At the age of ten, Nikolai Alekseevich entered the Yaroslavl gymnasium. During this period, he was just beginning to write his first works. However, due to low academic performance, conflicts with the leadership of the gymnasium, who did not like the poet’s satirical poems, and also because of the father’s desire to send his son to a military school, the boy studied for only five years.
By the will of his father, in 1838 Nekrasov came to St. Petersburg to join the local regiment. But under the influence of his gymnasium comrade Glushitsky, he goes against his father’s will and applies for admission to St. Petersburg University. However, due to his constant search for sources of income, Nekrasov does not successfully pass the entrance exams. As a result, he began to attend classes at the Faculty of Philology, where he studied from 1839 to 1841.
All this time, Nekrasov was in search of at least some kind of income, since his father stopped giving him money. The aspiring poet took on the task of writing poorly paid fairy tales in verse and articles for various publications.
In the early 40s, Nekrasov managed to write short notes for the theater magazine "Pantheon..." and became an employee of the magazine "Otechestvennye Zapiski".
In 1843, Nekrasov became close to Belinsky, who highly appreciated his work and contributed to the discovery of his talent.
In 1845-1846, Nekrasov published two almanacs, “Petersburg Collection” and “Physiology of Petersburg”.
In 1847, thanks to his gift for writing excellent works, Nekrasov managed to become the editor and publisher of the Sovremennik magazine. Being a talented organizer, he managed to attract such writers as Herzen, Turgenev, Belinsky, Goncharov and others to the magazine.
At this time, Nekrasov’s work is imbued with compassion for the common people, most of his works are dedicated to the hard working life of people: “Peasant Children”, “Railway”, “Frost, Red Nose”, “Poet and Citizen”, “Peddlers”, “Reflections of "front entrance" and others. Analyzing the writer’s work, we can come to the conclusion that Nekrasov touched upon acute social problems in his poems. Also, the poet devoted a significant place in his works to the role of a woman, her difficult lot.
After the closure of Sovremennik in 1866, Nekrasov managed to rent Domestic Notes from Kraevsky, occupying a level no less high than Sovremennik.
The poet died on January 8, 1878 in St. Petersburg, having not overcome a long-term serious illness. Evidence of the great loss of such a talented person was the manifesto of several thousand people who came to say goodbye to Nekrasov.
In addition to Nekrasov’s biography, also check out other materials:
- “It’s stuffy! Without happiness and will...", analysis of Nekrasov’s poem
- “Farewell”, analysis of Nekrasov’s poem
- “The heart breaks from torment,” analysis of Nekrasov’s poem
Nekrasov Nikolai Alekseevich, whose biography begins on November 28 (December 10), 1821, was born in the small town of Nemirov, located on the territory of the Vinnitsa district of the Podolsk province (now the territory of Ukraine).
The poet's childhood
After the birth of their son, the Nekrasov family lived in the village of Greshnev, which at that time belonged to the Yaroslavl province. There were a lot of children - thirteen (although only three of them survived), and therefore it was very difficult to support them. Alexey Sergeevich, the head of the family, was forced to also take on the job of a police officer. This work could hardly be called fun and interesting. Little Nikolai Nekrasov Sr. often took little Nikolai Nekrasov Sr. with him to work, and therefore the future poet from a very early age saw the problems that ordinary people faced and learned to sympathize with them.
At the age of 10, Nikolai was sent to the Yaroslavl gymnasium. But at the end of the 5th grade, he abruptly stopped studying. Why? Biographers have differing opinions on this issue. Some believe that the boy was not too diligent in his studies, and his success in this field left much to be desired, while others are of the opinion that his father simply stopped paying for his education. Or perhaps both of these reasons occurred. One way or another, Nekrasov’s biography continues in St. Petersburg, where a sixteen-year-old young man is sent to enter a military school (noble regiment).
Difficult years
The poet had every opportunity to become an honest servant, but fate decided otherwise. Arriving in the cultural capital of the empire - St. Petersburg - Nekrasov meets and communicates with the students there. They awakened in him a strong thirst for knowledge, and therefore the future poet decides to go against the will of his father. Nikolai begins to prepare to enter university. He fails: he could not pass all the exams. However, this did not stop him: from 1839 to 1841. The poet goes to the Faculty of Philology as a volunteer student. In those days, Nekrasov lived in terrible poverty, because his father did not give him a single penny. The poet often had to go hungry, and it even got to the point that he spent the night in homeless shelters. But there were also bright moments: for example, it was in one of these places that Nikolai earned his first money (15 kopecks) for help in writing a petition. The difficult financial situation did not break the spirit of the young man and he vowed to himself, despite any obstacles, to achieve recognition.
Literary activity of Nekrasov
A biography of Nekrasov is impossible without mentioning the stages of his formation as a poet and writer.
Soon after the events described above, Nikolai's life began to improve. He got a job as a tutor, and was often tasked with composing fairy tales and ABCs for popular print publishers. A good part-time job was writing small articles for the Literary Newspaper, as well as the Literary Supplement to the Russian Invalid. Several vaudevilles he composed and published under the pseudonym “Perepelsky” were even staged on the Alexandria stage. Having put aside some money, in 1840 Nekrasov published his first collection of poems, which was called “Dreams and Sounds.”
Nekrasov’s biography was not without struggle with critics. Despite the fact that they treated him ambiguously, Nikolai himself was extremely upset by the negative review of the authoritative Belinsky. It even got to the point that Nekrasov himself bought up most of the circulation and destroyed the books. However, the few remaining copies made it possible to see Nekrasov in a completely unusual role as a writer of ballads. Later he moved on to other genres and themes.
Nekrasov spent the forties of the 19th century working closely with the journal Otechestvennye zapiski. Nikolai himself was a bibliographer. The turning point in his life can be considered his close acquaintance and the beginning of his friendship with Belinsky. After quite a bit of time, Nikolai Nekrasov’s poems began to be actively published. In a fairly short period of time, the almanacs “April 1”, “Physiology of St. Petersburg”, “Petersburg Collection” were published, in which the poems of the young poet were side by side with the works of the best authors of that period. Among them, among others, there were works by F. Dostoevsky, D. Grigorovich, I. Turgenev.
Publishing business was going well. This allowed Nekrasov and his friends to purchase the Sovremennik magazine at the end of 1846. In addition to the poet himself, many talented writers contribute to this magazine. And Belinsky gives Nekrasov an unusually generous gift - he gives the magazine a huge amount of materials that the critic had been collecting for a long time for his own publication. During the period of reaction, the content of Sovremennik was controlled by the tsarist authorities, and under the influence of censorship, they began to publish mostly works of the adventure genre. But, nevertheless, the magazine does not lose its popularity.
Next, Nekrasov’s biography takes us to sunny Italy, where the poet went in the 50s to be treated for a throat disease. Having recovered his health, he returns to his homeland. Here life is in full swing - Nikolai finds himself in advanced literary streams, communicates with people of high morality. At this time, the best and hitherto unknown sides of the poet’s talent are revealed. While working on the magazine, Dobrolyubov and Chernyshevsky became his faithful assistants and colleagues.
Despite the fact that Sovremennik was closed in 1866, Nekrasov did not give up. The writer rents Otechestvennye zapiski from his former “competitor,” which quickly rises to the same height as Sovremennik in its time.
Working with two of the best magazines of his time, Nekrasov wrote and published a lot of his works. Among them are poems (“Who Lives Well in Rus'”, “Peasant Children”, “Frost, Red Nose”, “Sasha”, “Russian Women”), poems (“Railroad”, “Knight for an Hour”, “Prophet ") and many others. Nekrasov was at the zenith of his fame.
last years of life
At the beginning of 1875, the poet was given a terrible diagnosis - “intestinal cancer”. His life became a complete misery, and only the support of devoted readers helped him somehow hold on. Telegrams and letters came to Nikolai even from the farthest corners of Russia. This support meant a lot to the poet: while struggling with pain, he continued to create. At the end of his life, he writes a satirical poem called “Contemporaries”, a sincere and touching cycle of poems “Last Songs”.
The talented poet and literary activist said goodbye to this world on December 27, 1877 (January 8, 1878) in St. Petersburg, at the age of only 56 years.
Despite the severe frost, thousands of people came to say goodbye to the poet and accompany him to his final resting place (Novodevichy Cemetery in St. Petersburg).
Love in the life of a poet
N.A. Nekrasov, whose biography is a real charge of vitality and energy, met three women in his life. His first love was Avdotya Panaeva. They were not officially married, but lived together for fifteen years. After some time, Nekrasov fell in love with a charming Frenchwoman, Selina Lefren. However, this novel was unsuccessful for the poet: Selina left him, and before that she squandered a fair part of his fortune. And finally, six months before his death, Nekrasov got married to Fyokla Viktorova, who loved him dearly and took care of him until his last day.
Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov is a Russian democratic poet, the author of brilliant examples of civil poetry, who made poetry the “people's lyre” and a weapon in the struggle for the rights of the oppressed people. His poetic muse is the muse of “revenge and sadness,” pain, and the fight against injustice against the peasantry.
The poet was born on November 28, 1821 in the city of Nemirov (Vinnitsa district of Podolsk province, now the territory of Ukraine). His parents met in Nemirov - his father served in a regiment stationed in this city, his mother, Elena Zakrevskaya, was one of the best - the most beautiful and educated - brides in the town. Zakrevskaya’s parents did not intend to give their daughter to officer Nekrasov, who clearly married for convenience (by the time he met Zakrevskaya, he had accumulated gambling debts and a desire to resolve the financial issue through a profitable marriage). As a result, Elena marries against the will of her parents, and, of course, the marriage turns out to be unhappy - her unloving husband made her an eternal recluse. The image of the mother, bright and gentle, entered Nekrasov’s lyrics as the ideal of femininity and kindness (poem “Mother” 1877, “Knight for an Hour” 1860-62), and the image of the father was transformed into the image of a wild, unbridled and stupid despot.
Nekrasov's literary development cannot be separated from the facts of his difficult biography. Soon after the poet’s birth, the family moved to his father’s family estate, in Greshnev, Yaroslavl region. The poet had 12 brothers and sisters, most of whom died at an early age. The father was forced to work - the local income was not enough for the needs of a large family - and he began to serve as a police officer in the police. He often took his son with him to work, so from an early age the child witnessed debt collection, suffering and prayer, and death.
1831 - Nikolai Nekrasov is sent to study at a gymnasium in Yaroslavl. The boy was capable, but he managed to ruin his relationship with the team - he was harsh, had a sharp tongue, and wrote ironic poems about his classmates. After the 5th grade, he stopped studying (there is an opinion that the father stopped paying for education, not seeing the need for education for his not very diligent son).
1837 - 16-year-old Nekrasov begins an independent life in St. Petersburg. Against the will of his father, who saw him as a modest official, Nikolai tries to enter the university at the Faculty of Philology. He did not pass the exams, but with tenacity he stormed the faculty for 3 years, attending classes as a volunteer. At this time, his father refused to support him financially, so he had to live in terrible poverty, sometimes spending the night in homeless shelters, and in constant hunger.
He managed to earn his first money as a tutor - Nekrasov serves as a teacher in a wealthy family, while simultaneously writing fairy tales and editing alphabet books for children's publications.
1840 - Nekrasov earns money as a playwright and critic - the St. Petersburg theater stages several of his plays, and Literaturnaya Gazeta publishes several articles. Having saved up money, in the same year Nekrasov published at his own expense a collection of poems, “Dreams and Sounds,” which came under such a barrage of criticism that the poet bought almost the entire edition and burned it.
1840s: Nekrasov meets Vissarion Belinsky (who shortly before had mercilessly criticized his first poems) and begins a fruitful collaboration with the journal Otechestvennye zapiski.
1846: an improved financial situation allowed Nekrasov to become a publisher himself - he left their “Notes” and bought the magazine “Sovremennik”, which began to publish young and talented writers and critics who left “Notes” after Nekrasov. The tsarist censorship closely monitors the content of the magazine, which has gained great popularity, so in 1866 it was closed.
1866: Nekrasov buys out the magazine Otechestvennye Zapiski, where he previously worked, and intends to bring it to the same level of popularity to which he managed to bring Sovremennik. Since then, he has been more actively self-publishing.
The following works are published:
- “Sasha” (1855. Poem about a thinking woman. Sasha is close to the people and loves them. She is at a crossroads in life, thinks a lot about life, when she meets a young socialist. Agarin tells Sasha about the social world order, inequality and struggle, he is positive determined and waiting for the “sun of truth". Several years pass, and Agarin has lost faith that the people can be controlled and given freedom, he can only philosophize on the topic of how to give the peasants freedom, and what they will do with it. Sasha at this time she is engaged in small, but real matters - she provides medical assistance to the peasants).
- “Who Lives Well in Rus'” (1860 - 1877. An epic peasant poem exposing the inability of the autocracy to provide the people with true freedom, despite the abolition of serfdom. The poem paints pictures of people’s life and is vividly filled with folk speech).
- "Peddlers" (1861).
- “Frost, Red Nose” (1863. A poem praising the fortitude of a Russian peasant woman, capable of hard work, loyalty, dedication, and fulfillment of duty).
- “Russian Women” (1871-71. A poem dedicated to the courage of the Decembrists who followed their husbands into exile. Contains 2 parts “Princess Volkonskaya” and “Princess Trubetskaya”. Two heroines decide to follow their exiled husbands. Princesses who are unknown hungry, impoverished existence, hard work, abandon their former life... They demonstrate not only the love and mutual assistance inherent in all homemakers by default, but also open opposition to authority).
Poems:
- "Railway"
- "Knight for an Hour"
- "Uncompressed strip"
- "Prophet",
- cycles of poems about peasant children,
- cycles of poems about urban beggars,
- “Panaevsky cycle” - poems dedicated to his common-law wife
1875 - the poet becomes seriously ill, but, fighting the pain, finds the strength to write.
1877: the last works are the satirical poem “Contemporaries” and the cycle of poems “Last Songs”.
The poet died on December 27, 1877 in St. Petersburg and was buried at the Novodevichy cemetery. Despite the terrible frost, thousands of admirers came to see the poet off on his final journey.
Literature Zhdanov V.V. Life of Nekrasov. –M., Skatov N.I. I dedicated the lyre... - M., Chukovsky K.I. Nekrasov's mastery. – M., Rozanova L.A. Nekrasov’s poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'”: Commentary. – L., SGPI website (department of literature.
N.A. Nekrasov, Nemirovo, Ukraine. S.Greshnevo, Yaroslavl province, Yaroslavl gymnasium, St. Petersburg - “Dreams and Sounds”. “Repertoire and Pantheon”, “Literary newspaper”. N. Perepelsky and his vaudeville - acquaintance with V. Belinsky.
Publishing activity Together with I.I. Panaev, he acquires the right to publish the magazine “Sovremennik” - publishes the magazine “Domestic Notes”.
The theme of the city is “Am I driving along a dark street at night...”, Cycle of poems “On the Street”, Cycle “About the Weather”. Protest against social injustice, against the bitter fate of the poor. New principles of lyricism: psychological nakedness of experiences, bold social depiction of life.
“Thief” The bitten roll trembled in his hand; He was without boots, in a frock coat with holes; The face showed a trace of a recent illness, Shame, despair, prayer and fear... “Morning Walk” St. Petersburg got to him in a bad way: He lost his wife in a flood, He dragged himself around apartments for a whole century And burned out fourteen times.
The theme of the poet and poetry is “Yesterday at six o’clock...”, “The Poet and the Citizen”, “The Poet”, “Blessed is the Kindly Poet”, “To the Poet”, “Elegy”, etc. Nekrasov is convinced that poetry should not be limited to sublime and beautiful themes, celebrating love, nature and beauty. Its purpose is to serve society, ennobling and elevating a person, shaping his progressive worldview.
“Panaev's Cycle” is an example of how the personal, intimate in the lyrics becomes universal. Motives for the quarrel (“If, tormented by rebellious passion...”, “You and I are stupid people...”); parting, separation (“So this is a joke? My dear...”, “Farewell”) or their premonitions (“I don’t like your irony...”); memories (“Yes, our life flowed rebelliously...”, “Long ago rejected by you...”); letters (“Burnt Letters”), etc. “A difficult year has broken me with illness...”, “I have suffered a heavy cross...”, “Forgive me,” “Farewell.”
M.M. Mikhailov () In “The Landowner” there are motifs from “Hound Hunt”. In "Grun" - "Troika".
