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Presentation on the topic: Chuvash language
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“I can say with a clear conscience in relation to the Motherland and my dear people that... having given the best part of my life to the cause public education... I remained true to my cherished ideals of youth. Are there many such lucky people in Russia who, in all honesty, would repeat the same thing after me?” AND I. Yakovlev
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While still at the gymnasium, I. Ya. Yakovlev tried to translate individual works of German and French classics into his native language. Letters to friends and translations of foreign texts finally convinced him that the signs of the Russian alphabet were insufficient to represent all Chuvash sounds. This prompted him to create a new alphabet, which was carried out after meeting Ilminsky and the group of researchers he led. Turkic languages. I. Ya. Yakovlev joined this group and, under the guidance of Kazan scientists, began to translate religious and educational literature. Students of the Simbirsk Chuvash school gradually became involved in the work, who, with the help of student Yakovlev, translated textbooks of Russian teachers.
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The students sent their translations to Kazan, where they were improved and supplemented by Ivan Yakovlevich, and then they were published as separate books or used to compile Chuvash primers and other textbooks. After graduating from school, the students continued to help their teacher in translating and publishing educational books, although they were far from Simbirsk. Ivan Yakovlevich Yakovlev believed that “the direction of the school, in addition to the teacher and the priest, is created by books and textbooks.” Therefore, he sought to give the people as many books as possible. native language, for which he spared neither time nor money. It is known that the first Chuvash primers were published with his modest funds.
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To speed up translation work and the compilation of textbooks for Chuvash schools, at his request, a student and translator of Ilminsky’s group, S. N. Timryasov, moved from the Kazan Episcopal Tatar school to Simbirsk. At that time there were about 30 students in the school. Together with them Timryasov translated into Chuvash language from Russian and Tatar languages. With his help, Rekeev, Byurganovsky and other senior students were engaged in translating the Gospel and compiling texts for the publication of new Chuvash primers. From Kazan, more and more new assignments were received in the name of A. Rekeev for a group of young translators formed at the Simbirsk Chuvash school.
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The second edition of the Chuvash primer of 1872 was compiled on the basis of the first and second books of Bunakov’s “Lessons for Reading”. I. Ya. Yakovlev, together with his students, continued to work on compiling both the Russian part of the Chuvash primer and a book for reading in their native language. Since 1873, all Yakovlev’s primers were published with Chuvash and Russian parts. To further study the Russian language, it was necessary to compile two books: for reading and for developing spoken language. But due to lack of funds, their publication was delayed for several years. The first was published only in 1892 under the title “The Initial Textbook of the Russian Language for the Chuvash.” It was a textbook for studying the Russian language, modeled on N. F. Bunakov’s “Book for Reading,” which Yakovlev considered most suitable for rural schools.
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In 1904, Yakovlev, together with his student, Russian language teacher of the Simbirsk Chuvash school D.I. Kochurov, published the second part of the Chuvash primer called “Russian conversational lessons” as a separate book. This textbook consists of Russian language lessons taught on the basis of comparative language learning. It also provides guidelines on the method of comparative teaching of the native and Russian languages. The second part of the Chuvash primer is compiled on the basis of Bunakov’s system of object lessons. It presents methodological developments- notes of 35 lessons. At the end of the second part of the primer, five lessons on the comparative study of subjects already known to students from previous subject lessons are given in the form of an experiment.
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According to the recognition of the general public, the second part of the Chuvash primer was the best Russian language textbook among similar textbooks for national schools Volga region. Its advantage lay primarily in the maximum accessibility and systematic construction of the material. In the early 70s, Yakovlev set out to compile a Chuvash primer in the upper dialect called “viryal”. As you know, the first primer was published in the lower dialect, which the Chuvash call “anatri”. There is a certain difference between them. After graduating from the university (1875), I. Ya. Yakovlev sent A. V. Rekeev to the Yadrinsky district in June 1875 to check the availability of translations of primers for the riding Chuvash.
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Soon, the experience of schools in four provinces showed that Chuvash children, with the help of a primer compiled in the lower dialect, everywhere successfully mastered the basics of literacy. Therefore, in the future, I.Ya. Yakovlev refused to create a special primer in the upper dialect, and in 1875 he published a general textbook called “A primer for the Chuvash with the addition of the Russian alphabet.” This primer became a single textbook, that very golden mean between the two Chuvash dialects, which made it a truly folk educational book.
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Convinced that the creator and bearer of the national language is the people themselves, I. Ya. Yakovlev makes extensive use of oral folk art in primers and other textbooks. Under his leadership, students of the Simbirsk Chuvash school and teachers of rural schools took an active part in compiling the textbook part of the primer, which contained the samples of oral language they collected. folk art, the best student essays on free topics. In some editions of the primer, the textbook part was about 100 pages. Yakovlev's textbooks served as a valuable means of mental, moral, and aesthetic education of children, instilling in them a love of work and a sense of duty to the people and fatherland.
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Chuvash primers were highly appreciated by teachers and the public; they were considered exemplary for non-Russian schools throughout the Volga-Kama region, so they were recommended for teaching in schools. The primer and educational books of I. Ya. Yakovlev and his students were widely used by famous Mordovian teachers M. E. Evseviev, F. F. Sovetkin, Mari G. Yakovlev, P. Stepanov, Udmurt teachers M. S. Mikheev, I. V. Yakovlev and others. In addition, I. Ya. Yakovlev, on behalf of the educational district, took a direct part in compiling various methodological manuals for teachers of national schools. In the textbooks of I. Ya. Yakovlev, the rules were presented sequentially in order of increasing difficulty, in relation to the conditions of the native language. The entire language system was studied in a comparative manner, “with the possible exception of the Chuvash, for whom there is a second part of the “Primer for the Chuvash.”
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Due to the general strengthening of reaction in Russia in the early 90s, the native language was expelled from national schools, and Chuvash primers began to be published in an abbreviated form. Together with his student K.V. Ivanov, he began compiling a new textbook for extracurricular reading, “The first book for reading after the primer in the Chuvash language,” which was published in 1909 in a volume of 110 pages. This was the first anthology for Chuvash schools. It went through several editions. It widely uses materials from folk oral poetry, which have great educational and educational value. New book for reading in the Chuvash language was compiled on the model of “Books for Reading” by L.N. Tolstoy and was supposed to be published in four books, i.e., one for each year of study. However, only the first one was published; the publication of the rest was prohibited by the educational district.
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In general, for the study of the Chuvash and Russian languages, I. Ya. Yakovlev and his students compiled and published the following textbooks: 1) Primer for the Chuvash, published, according to our calculations, in 33 versions, including abridged ones. 2) “The original textbook of the Russian language for the Chuvash” (published since 1892). 3) “Initial conversational lessons of the Russian language” (published since 1902 as a supplement to the primer). 4) “Subject Lessons” (published since 1902 as a supplement to the primer). 5) “Lessons in the comparative study of subjects” (published since 1904 as an appendix to the second part of the Chuvash primer). 6) “The first book for reading after the primer in the Chuvash language” (published since 1909). Several generations of the Chuvash people were brought up on these textbooks. They played a significant role in the development of culture and education of the Chuvash, or, as I. Ya. Yakovlev himself said, these “cheap Chuvash publications did a great job, they inspired and raised this mass.”
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According to corresponding member of the Academy of Pedagogical Sciences of the USSR M. Ya. Sirotkin, “primers and educational books published by I. Ya. Yakovlev throughout the second half of the 19th century were almost the only way to publish the works of Chuvash writers, including I. Yakovlev himself. Ya. Yakovleva, therefore they were not only primers, but also the first anthologies of Chuvash literature.” Indeed, under the conditions of suppression of national culture by tsarism, Chuvash literature could only develop on the pages of educational books. Understanding this, I. Ya. Yakovlev did not limit himself to publishing primers and textbooks. To divert the attention of censors, he published under the guise teaching aids separate collections, for example, “Fairy tales and legends of the Chuvash”, “Samples of motives of Chuvash folk songs and texts for them” in two books.
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The collection “Fairy Tales and Legends of the Chuvash” published original works of the Chuvash fiction: “Arzyuri” (Leshy) by M. Fedorov, poem “Narspi” by K. V. Ivanov, “Yandrak yandrave” by N. V. Vasiliev-Shubossinni. Fearing a censorship ban, Yakovlev published them as works of oral and poetic folk art.
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I. Ya. Yakovlev organized the translation of Russian textbooks containing works of literary classics. He explained the need for their publication by the fact that a four-year course of study in “foreign” primary schools is not enough for a thorough study of the Russian language, which would allow students and adults to freely read the works of classics of Russian literature and pedagogy. Therefore, he proposed translating them into their native language. Together with his students, he translated and published for Chuvash schools “Stories from Russian History” by A. F. Petrushevsky (Kazan, 1879. 1st edition), “Book for class reading in elementary schools” by A. Baranov (Simbirsk, 1907. 1st edition). e edition), “Russian book for reading” by L. Tolstoy (all four books), and “Prisoner of the Caucasus” (from the fourth book) was published as a separate book. Back in 1882, Yakovlev translated L. Tolstoy’s “New Alphabet” into Chuvash.
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I. Ya. Yakovlev also organized the translation and publication of certain classical works of Russian and foreign literature. Together with his students K.V. Ivanov, N.V. Vasiliev (Shubossinni), whom he supported in the Simbirsk Chuvash school at his own expense from the fall of 1907 to the summer of 1909, paying them at the same time a salary for translations, he published separate books in the Chuvash language " Scarlet flower“S. T. Aksakova, “Wild Swans” by H. K. Andersen, “Song about Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich, the young guardsman and the daring merchant Kalashnikov” and other poems by M. Yu. Lermontov.” The last book contained the following poems by Lermontov: “Angel”, “Sail”, “Waves and People”, “Cliff”, “Mountain Peaks”, “The Cup of Life”, “Prisoner”, “Three Palms”, “Dispute”, “Cossack lullaby”, “Branch of Palestine mud”. The translation of “Songs about the Merchant Kalashnikov” was provided with a preface. Its compiler K.V. Ivanov gave a detailed overview of the historical activities of Ivan the Terrible. K.V. Ivanov also translated A.S. Pushkin’s poem “The Bronze Horseman”. The translation was preceded by a detailed historical analysis of Peter's activities.
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Yakovlev also made a great contribution to the development of sanitary and hygienic culture, to the promotion of medical knowledge among the population, and to the organization of preventive measures to combat diseases. He considered an important means of this struggle to be the publication of popular scientific literature on medicine in his native language - brochures, posters, leaflets, etc. I. Ya. Yakovlev began translating individual articles on medicine in the early 80s. Ivan Yakovlevich repeatedly republished the following brochures, medical leaflets and posters in the Chuvash language: “Eye disease - trachoma” (1893, 1898,1912), “About the plague” (1893,1898), “Advice to mothers when vaccinating children with smallpox” (1893, 1897 ), “Why do doctors perform operations and what benefits does it bring to the patient” (1902, 1904) and others.
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I. Ya. Yakovlev, as a corresponding member of the Simbirsk Society of Agriculture (since 1893), organized the translation and publication of agricultural literature in the Chuvash language. He involved his students, rural school teachers and zemstvo leaders in this noble cause. Its publication pursued primarily the goals of disseminating agricultural knowledge, best practices among peasants, and developing in them a conscious and correct attitude towards the surrounding nature. With the direct participation of Yakovlev and his students, the following brochures were published in the Chuvash language: “On the soil”, “On proper cultivation of the land”, “On grain seeds and sowing”, “On grass sowing”, “How bread grows in the field”, “How collect dairy cattle”, “Rural cattle clinic”, “About beekeeping”, “Three conversations about agriculture” and others.
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Yakovlev was involved in translating agricultural literature until recent years stay in Simbirsk. In the fall of 1919, he began translating “Guide to Smart Beekeeping” by A. Andriyashev. The deterioration of his health did not allow him to complete the translation of the said manual. He entrusted it to A.V. Rekeev. In 1921, Yakovlev diligently read the works of one of the founders of Russian agronomic science, A. G. Bolotov, with the aim of translating it into the Chuvash language. However, due to health reasons, he did not begin the translation, but entrusted this to A. Rekeev. I. Ya. Yakovlev also supervised the compilation and publication of Chuvash calendars, which contained articles about the state-political system of Russia, zemstvos, the hard life of the working people, etc. The calendar contained separate articles on agriculture, medicine, etc. d.
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During his 50-year social and educational activity, I. Ya. Yakovlev, together with his students and like-minded people, compiled, translated and published over 100 titles of books and brochures, starting with an ABC book and ending with the Bible. Among them were textbooks, collections literary works, folk songs, books on medicine, agriculture, as well as individual brochures on socio-political topics. In 1896, as a member of the Simbirsk Provincial Census Commission, he translated and published in Simbirsk in the Chuvash language the brochure “The First General Census of Population Russian Empire" Yakovlev wrote children's stories for textbooks, many of which were adaptations folk tales. These stories still remain on the pages of modern Chuvash textbooks and children's books.
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Building on achievements pedagogical science, I. Ya. Yakovlev compiled and published methodological developments that were required for the successful implementation of the educational process in bilingual rural schools. On his initiative, two Chuvash publishing and translation centers were created: in Simbirsk and Samara. The Samara center was headed by D. F. Filimonov, who provided great services to I. Ya. Yakovlev in translating religious literature. The Simbirsk center was headed by Yakovlev. Both of these centers have done a great job of improving the style of the Chuvash language. A whole school of gifted and selfless translators from among the pupils of the Simbirsk Chuvash school and its teachers worked here. The most prominent of them were A. Rekeev, K. Makarov, A. Petrov (Turinge), D. Filimonov, V. Nikiforov, D. Danilov and others. In 1882, I. Ya. Yakovlev, together with A. Petrov (Turinge), compiled a collection of “Church choral chants” in the Chuvash language, which he called the “Chuvash score”. IN next year the collection was published in Kazan.
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Thanks to the organization of translation centers in Simbirsk and Samara by I. Ya. Yakovlev and his students, Chuvash publications occupied one of the first places among publications in other languages of the Volga region. Thus, from 1893 to 1899, 115 titles were published in the Chuvash language, 57 in Tatar, 25 in Russian, 12 in Mordovian, 20 in Votsk, 27 in Mari. In total, for the period from 1872 to 1917 in the Chuvash language 678 book titles were published.
It is no coincidence that Chuvash Language Day coincides with the birthday of the outstanding Chuvash educator Ivan Yakovlevich Yakovlev. The most important merit of I.Ya. Yakovlev is his creation of a new written language in the Chuvash language, based on the Cyrillic alphabet; opening schools and massively involving Chuvash children and youth in them; training of national teachers.
Today, the Chuvash language is studied as a native language in 344 Chuvash schools and as a state language in all the remaining 198. More than 1 thousand teachers of the native language and literature, as well as local history, work in the schools of the republic. 98% of teachers have higher education, more than 80% are qualification categories.
CHUVASH LANGUAGE, one of the Turkic languages, the only living representative of the Bulgar group, which also included the Bulgar and Khazar languages Number of speakers - about 1.5 million people There are two slightly different dialects: lower (anatri, “pointing”) in the southern regions of the republic and riding (turi, “endearing”) - in the northern
The Chuvash language dates back to the Old (4th–11th centuries) and Middle Bulgarian (13th–16th centuries) languages. The literary (New Bulgarian) Chuvash language was formed on the basis of a lower dialect. Modern Chuvash writing includes 33 letters of the Russian alphabet and 4 additional letters with diacritics. In the Chuvash Republic, radio and television broadcasts are conducted in the Chuvash language.
The study of the Chuvash language began in the 18th century, the first printed grammar appeared in The foundations of the scientific study of the Chuvash language were laid by N.I. Ashmarin (late 19th – early 20th centuries); An important contribution to its study was made by I.A. Andreev, V.G. Egorov, J. Benzing and other researchers.
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The presentation on the topic “Chuvash language” (7th grade) can be downloaded absolutely free on our website. Project subject: Foreign language. Colorful slides and illustrations will help you engage your classmates or audience. To view the content, use the player, or if you want to download the report, click on the corresponding text under the player. The presentation contains 28 slide(s).
Presentation slides
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AND I. Yakovlev - publisher and translator
Work: Anastasia Sergeeva, student of grade 8 “a”, Municipal Educational Institution “Secondary School No. 6”, Shumerlya.
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explore the significance of I.Ya. Yakovlev’s publishing and translation activities for the Chuvash people; to study the purpose for which I.Ya. Yakovlev wrote his works.
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Research methods:
analysis of literature on this topic; using computer technology, creating a presentation.
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“I can say with a clear conscience in relation to the Motherland and my native people that... having devoted the best part of my life to the cause of public education... I remained faithful to my cherished ideals of youth. Are there many such lucky people in Russia who, in all honesty, would repeat the same thing after me?” AND I. Yakovlev
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While still at the gymnasium, I. Ya. Yakovlev tried to translate individual works of German and French classics into his native language. Letters to friends and translations of foreign texts finally convinced him that the signs of the Russian alphabet were insufficient to represent all Chuvash sounds. This prompted him to create a new alphabet, which was carried out after meeting Ilminsky and the group of researchers of Turkic languages he led. I. Ya. Yakovlev joined this group and, under the guidance of Kazan scientists, began translating religious and educational literature. Students of the Simbirsk Chuvash school gradually became involved in the work, who, with the help of student Yakovlev, translated textbooks of Russian teachers.
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The students sent their translations to Kazan, where they were improved and supplemented by Ivan Yakovlevich, and then they were published as separate books or used to compile Chuvash primers and other textbooks. After graduating from school, the students continued to help their teacher in translating and publishing educational books, although they were far from Simbirsk.
Ivan Yakovlevich Yakovlev believed that “the direction of the school, in addition to the teacher and the priest, is created by books and textbooks.” Therefore, he strove to give the people as many books as possible in their native language, for which he spared neither time nor money. It is known that the first Chuvash primers were published with his modest funds.
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To speed up translation work and the compilation of textbooks for Chuvash schools, at his request, a student and translator of Ilminsky’s group, S. N. Timryasov, moved from the Kazan Episcopal Tatar school to Simbirsk. At that time there were about 30 students in the school. Together with them, Timryasov translated into Chuvash from Russian and Tatar. With his help, Rekeev, Byurganovsky and other senior students were engaged in translating the Gospel and compiling texts for the publication of new Chuvash primers. From Kazan, more and more new assignments were received in the name of A. Rekeev for a group of young translators formed at the Simbirsk Chuvash school.
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The second edition of the Chuvash primer of 1872 was compiled on the basis of the first and second books of Bunakov’s “Lessons for Reading”. I. Ya. Yakovlev, together with his students, continued to work on compiling both the Russian part of the Chuvash primer and a book for reading in their native language. Since 1873, all Yakovlev’s primers were published with Chuvash and Russian parts. To further study the Russian language, it was necessary to compile two books: for reading and for developing spoken language. But due to lack of funds, their publication was delayed for several years. The first was published only in 1892 under the title “The Initial Textbook of the Russian Language for the Chuvash.” It was a textbook for studying the Russian language, modeled on N. F. Bunakov’s “Book for Reading,” which Yakovlev considered most suitable for rural schools.
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In 1904, Yakovlev, together with his student, Russian language teacher of the Simbirsk Chuvash school D.I. Kochurov, published the second part of the Chuvash primer called “Russian conversational lessons” as a separate book. This textbook consists of Russian language lessons taught on the basis of comparative language learning. It also provides guidelines on the method of comparative teaching of the native and Russian languages. The second part of the Chuvash primer is compiled on the basis of Bunakov’s system of object lessons. It presents methodological developments - notes of 35 lessons. At the end of the second part of the primer, five lessons on the comparative study of subjects already known to students from previous subject lessons are given in the form of an experiment.
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According to the recognition of the general public, the second part of the Chuvash primer was the best Russian language textbook among similar textbooks for national schools in the Volga region. Its advantage lay primarily in the maximum accessibility and systematic construction of the material. In the early 70s, Yakovlev set out to compile a Chuvash primer in the upper dialect called “viryal”. As you know, the first primer was published in the lower dialect, which the Chuvash call “anatri”. There is a certain difference between them.
After graduating from the university (1875), I. Ya. Yakovlev sent A. V. Rekeev to the Yadrinsky district in June 1875 to check the availability of translations of primers for the riding Chuvash.
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Soon, the experience of schools in four provinces showed that Chuvash children, with the help of a primer compiled in the lower dialect, everywhere successfully mastered the basics of literacy. Therefore, in the future, I.Ya. Yakovlev refused to create a special primer in the upper dialect, and in 1875 he published a general textbook called “A primer for the Chuvash with the addition of the Russian alphabet.” This primer became a single textbook, that very golden mean between the two Chuvash dialects, which made it a truly folk educational book.
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Convinced that the creator and bearer of the national language is the people themselves, I. Ya. Yakovlev makes extensive use of oral folk art in primers and other textbooks. Under his leadership, students of the Simbirsk Chuvash school and teachers of rural schools took an active part in compiling the textbook part of the primer, which contained the samples of oral folk art they collected and the best essays of students on free topics. In some editions of the primer, the textbook part was about 100 pages. Yakovlev's textbooks served as a valuable means of mental, moral, and aesthetic education of children, instilling in them a love of work and a sense of duty to the people and fatherland.
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Chuvash primers were highly appreciated by teachers and the public; they were considered exemplary for non-Russian schools throughout the Volga-Kama region, so they were recommended for teaching in schools. The primer and educational books of I. Ya. Yakovlev and his students were widely used by famous Mordovian teachers M. E. Evseviev, F. F. Sovetkin, Mari G. Yakovlev, P. Stepanov, Udmurt teachers M. S. Mikheev, I. V. Yakovlev and others. In addition, I. Ya. Yakovlev, on behalf of the educational district, was directly involved in the preparation of various teaching aids for teachers of national schools. In the textbooks of I. Ya. Yakovlev, the rules were presented sequentially in order of increasing difficulty, in relation to the conditions of the native language. The entire language system was studied in a comparative manner, “with the possible exception of the Chuvash, for whom there is a second part of the “Primer for the Chuvash.”
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Due to the general strengthening of reaction in Russia in the early 90s, the native language was expelled from national schools, and Chuvash primers began to be published in an abbreviated form. Together with his student K.V. Ivanov, he began compiling a new textbook for extracurricular reading, “The first book for reading after the primer in the Chuvash language,” which was published in 1909 in a volume of 110 pages. This was the first anthology for Chuvash schools. It went through several editions. It widely uses materials from folk oral poetry, which have great educational and educational value. The new book for reading in the Chuvash language was modeled after L.N. Tolstoy’s “Book for Reading” and was to be published in four books, i.e., one for each year of study. However, only the first one was published; the publication of the rest was prohibited by the educational district.
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In general, for the study of the Chuvash and Russian languages, I. Ya. Yakovlev and his students compiled and published the following textbooks: 1) Primer for the Chuvash, published, according to our calculations, in 33 versions, including abridged ones. 2) “The original textbook of the Russian language for the Chuvash” (published since 1892). 3) “Initial conversational lessons of the Russian language” (published since 1902 as a supplement to the primer). 4) “Subject Lessons” (published since 1902 as a supplement to the primer). 5) “Lessons in the comparative study of subjects” (published since 1904 as an appendix to the second part of the Chuvash primer). 6) “The first book for reading after the primer in the Chuvash language” (published since 1909). Several generations of the Chuvash people were brought up on these textbooks. They played a significant role in the development of culture and education of the Chuvash, or, as I. Ya. Yakovlev himself said, these “cheap Chuvash publications did a great job, they inspired and raised this mass.”
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According to corresponding member of the Academy of Pedagogical Sciences of the USSR M. Ya. Sirotkin, “primers and educational books published by I. Ya. Yakovlev throughout the second half of the 19th century were almost the only way to publish the works of Chuvash writers, including I. Yakovlev himself. Ya. Yakovleva, therefore they were not only primers, but also the first anthologies of Chuvash literature.” Indeed, under the conditions of suppression of national culture by tsarism, Chuvash literature could only develop on the pages of educational books. Understanding this, I. Ya. Yakovlev did not limit himself to publishing primers and textbooks. To divert the attention of censors, he published separate collections under the guise of textbooks, for example, “Fairy tales and legends of the Chuvash”, “Samples of motifs of Chuvash folk songs and texts for them” in two books.
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The collection “Tales and Legends of the Chuvash” published original works of Chuvash fiction: “Arzyuri” (Leshy) by M. Fedorov, the poem “Narspi” by K. V. Ivanov, “Yandrak Yandrave” by N. V. Vasilyev-Shubossinni. Fearing a censorship ban, Yakovlev published them as works of oral and poetic folk art.
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I. Ya. Yakovlev, as an innovative teacher, widely used the achievements of domestic teachers in the compilation and publication of textbooks and teaching aids. To learn the best in this area, he constantly corresponded with inspectors of educational districts. He was primarily interested in Russian language textbooks for Georgian, Armenian, Azerbaijani, Ukrainian and other public schools.
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I. Ya. Yakovlev organized the translation of Russian textbooks containing works of literary classics. He explained the need for their publication by the fact that a four-year course of study in “foreign” primary schools is not enough for a thorough study of the Russian language, which would allow students and adults to freely read the works of classics of Russian literature and pedagogy. Therefore, he proposed translating them into their native language. Together with his students, he translated and published for Chuvash schools “Stories from Russian History” by A. F. Petrushevsky (Kazan, 1879. 1st edition), “Book for class reading in elementary schools” by A. Baranov (Simbirsk, 1907. 1st edition). e edition), “Russian book for reading” by L. Tolstoy (all four books), and “Prisoner of the Caucasus” (from the fourth book) was published as a separate book. Back in 1882, Yakovlev translated L. Tolstoy’s “New Alphabet” into Chuvash.
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I. Ya. Yakovlev also organized the translation and publication of individual classic works of Russian and foreign literature. Together with his students K.V. Ivanov, N.V. Vasiliev (Shubossinni), whom he supported in the Simbirsk Chuvash school at his own expense from the fall of 1907 to the summer of 1909, paying them at the same time a salary for translations, he published separate books in the Chuvash language “The Scarlet Flower” by S. T. Aksakov, “Wild Swans” by H. K. Andersen, “Song about Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich, the young guardsman and the daring merchant Kalashnikov” and other poems by M. Yu. Lermontov” . The last book contained the following poems by Lermontov: “Angel”, “Sail”, “Waves and People”, “Cliff”, “Mountain Peaks”, “The Cup of Life”, “Prisoner”, “Three Palms”, “Dispute”, “Cossack lullaby”, “Branch of Palestine”. The translation of “Songs about the Merchant Kalashnikov” was provided with a preface. Its compiler K.V. Ivanov gave a detailed overview of the historical activities of Ivan the Terrible. K.V. Ivanov also translated A.S. Pushkin’s poem “The Bronze Horseman”. The translation was preceded by a detailed historical analysis of Peter's activities.
Slide 23
Yakovlev also made a great contribution to the development of sanitary and hygienic culture, to the promotion of medical knowledge among the population, and to the organization of preventive measures to combat diseases. He considered an important means of this struggle to be the publication of popular scientific literature on medicine in his native language - brochures, posters, leaflets, etc. I. Ya. Yakovlev began translating individual articles on medicine in the early 80s. Ivan Yakovlevich repeatedly republished the following brochures, medical leaflets and posters in the Chuvash language: “Eye disease - trachoma” (1893, 1898,1912), “About the plague” (1893,1898), “Advice to mothers when vaccinating children with smallpox” (1893, 1897 ), “Why do doctors perform operations and what benefits does it bring to the patient” (1902, 1904) and others.
Slide 24
I. Ya. Yakovlev, as a corresponding member of the Simbirsk Society of Agriculture (since 1893), organized the translation and publication of agricultural literature in the Chuvash language. He involved his students, rural school teachers and zemstvo leaders in this noble cause. Its publication pursued primarily the goals of disseminating agricultural knowledge, best practices among peasants, and developing in them a conscious and correct attitude towards the surrounding nature. With the direct participation of Yakovlev and his students, the following brochures were published in the Chuvash language: “On the soil”, “On proper cultivation of the land”, “On grain seeds and sowing”, “On grass sowing”, “How bread grows in the field”, “How collect dairy cattle”, “Rural cattle clinic”, “About beekeeping”, “Three conversations about agriculture” and others.
Slide 25
Yakovlev was engaged in translating agricultural literature until his last years in Simbirsk. In the fall of 1919, he began translating “Guide to Smart Beekeeping” by A. Andriyashev. The deterioration of his health did not allow him to complete the translation of the said manual. He entrusted it to A.V. Rekeev. In 1921, Yakovlev diligently read the works of one of the founders of Russian agronomic science, A. G. Bolotov, with the aim of translating it into the Chuvash language. However, due to health reasons, he did not begin the translation, but entrusted this to A. Rekeev. I. Ya. Yakovlev also supervised the compilation and publication of Chuvash calendars, which contained articles about the state-political system of Russia, zemstvos, the hard life of the working people, etc. The calendar contained separate articles on agriculture, medicine, etc. d.
Slide 26
During his 50-year social and educational activity, I. Ya. Yakovlev, together with his students and like-minded people, compiled, translated and published over 100 titles of books and brochures, starting with an ABC book and ending with the Bible. Among them were textbooks, collections of literary works, folk songs, books on medicine, agriculture, as well as individual brochures on socio-political topics. In 1896, as a member of the Simbirsk Provincial Census Commission, he translated and published in Simbirsk in the Chuvash language the brochure “The First General Census of the Russian Empire.” Yakovlev wrote children's stories for textbooks, many of which were adaptations of folk tales. These stories still remain on the pages of modern Chuvash textbooks and children's books.
Slide 27
Based on the achievements of pedagogical science, I. Ya. Yakovlev compiled and published methodological developments that were required for the successful implementation of the educational process in bilingual rural schools. On his initiative, two Chuvash publishing and translation centers were created: in Simbirsk and Samara. The Samara center was headed by D. F. Filimonov, who provided great services to I. Ya. Yakovlev in translating religious literature. The Simbirsk center was headed by Yakovlev. Both of these centers have done a great job of improving the style of the Chuvash language. A whole school of gifted and selfless translators from among the pupils of the Simbirsk Chuvash school and its teachers worked here. The most prominent of them were A. Rekeev, K. Makarov, A. Petrov (Turinge), D. Filimonov, V. Nikiforov, D. Danilov and others. In 1882, I. Ya. Yakovlev, together with A. Petrov (Turinge), compiled a collection of “Church choral chants” in the Chuvash language, which he called the “Chuvash score”. The following year the collection was published in Kazan.
Slide 28
Thanks to the organization of translation centers in Simbirsk and Samara by I. Ya. Yakovlev and his students, Chuvash publications occupied one of the first places among publications in other languages of the Volga region. Thus, from 1893 to 1899, 115 titles were published in the Chuvash language, 57 in Tatar, 25 in Russian, 12 in Mordovian, 20 in Votsk, 27 in Mari. In total, for the period from 1872 to 1917 in the Chuvash language 678 book titles were published.
(Slide No. 1)
VED: Do you know a country so ancient and forever young?
Where there is a holiday - they rejoice from the heart, where there is work - give any mountain.
Do you know such a people who have 100 thousand words,
Who has 100 thousand songs and 100 thousand embroideries blooms
Sly2.
VED: Lives in the very heart of Russia, among centuries-old oak trees, fields and lakes, a small but surprisingly original people - the Chuvash.
Slide 3.
Each country and republic has its own state symbols. Our republic also has its own state symbols - COAT OF ARMS, FLAG, ANTHEM. They express the multinational character of our republic, the identity and traditions of our peoples.
(Slide 4)
Ved. Our republic is located almost in the center of Russia and is located on the banks of the great Russian river Volga.
(slides No. 5, 6, 7)
Ved. The city of Cheboksary is the capital of Chuvashia.
Famous people of Chuvashia.
(Slide 8) Hero civil war V. I. Chapaev.
(slide No. 9) USSR pilot-cosmonaut, twice Hero Soviet Union Aviation Major General Andriyan Grigorievich Nikolaev. Born in 1929 in the village of Shorshely, Chuvash Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. He made two flights into space: the first in 1962, the second in 1970.
(slide No. 10) People's Artist of the USSR Vera Kuzmina.
Vera Kuzmina is the greatest stage master, the most talented artist, the pride of the Chuvash people.
For more than 60 years V.K. Kuzmina performs on the stage of one of the oldest theaters in the republic - the Chuvash State Order of the Red Banner of Labor Academic Drama Theater named after. K.V. Ivanova. During this time, she created hundreds of different roles. Of the huge number of roles created by Vera Kuzmina, the images of Mothers can be especially highlighted.
(slide No. 11) And the ballerina Nadezhda Pavlova Vasilievna is known not only in our country and in our republic, but is known all over the world. Nadezhda Pavlova was born into a large family, her parents are ethnic Chuvash.
(slide No. 12) Chuvash poetess Raisa Sarbi.
(slide No. 13) VED: On this bright day, glorifying the native land, we must remember Ivan Yakovlevich Yakovlev.
Throughout broad Rus', our mother, the ringing of bells spreads.
Ivan Yakovlevich Yakovlev is glorified for his labors!
He led our people along the path of knowledge from hopeless darkness into the light.
There are no nobler deeds in the world and no nobler goals in the world!
He reworked the Russian alphabet and created the Chuvash alphabet.
The roots have been established among two peoples, because the Chuvash alphabet looks almost the same.
Yes, a long time ago the Chuvash people did not have a written language: people could neither write in their native language nor read. But they didn’t know Russian. The Enlightener Yakovlev took the Russian alphabet and added only 4 letters. Love them, because they raised the Chuvash science from the darkness of the deaf.
This is how he spoke about the Chuvash people.
“I dreamed and dream of teaching all Chuvash to read and write. Literacy is the basis of everything. The diploma will give the Chuvashe citizen the opportunity to study the Russian language well. Literacy is a means of combating ignorance... Will knowledge of literacy prevent a peasant from cultivating the land? Vice versa. Why is it that in the fields of a Belgian, Danish or German peasant the rye yield is twice or even three times greater than ours? Because there in agriculture agronomic science has been introduced... Only empty talkers, frivolous, uncultured people can object to universal literacy.”
“Hurry to do good! And be kind. Kindness is a basic human quality. Kindness is humanity.”
“Just as the Chuvash school grew out of a peasant’s smoky and dirty hut, so Chuvash pedagogy grew out of oral folk art.”
“Do everything, take all measures to ensure that the student believes in his own strength. On the contrary, avoid everything that can undermine the student’s self-confidence.”
(slide No. 14) Ved. He wrote stories for children and books based on his stories were published.
(slide No. 15) Ved. The Chuvash people deeply honor the memory of Ivan Yakovlevich Yakovlev. His name was given to the Chuvash State pedagogical institute. A monument to I.Ya. was erected in Cheboksary. Yakovlev, one of the avenues is named after him.
(slide No. 16) Ved. Are there many small towns in our republic? Alatyr, Kanash, Kozlovka, Shumerlya, Tsivilsk, Yadrin. Yadrin , regional center in Chuvashia. The city of Yadrin is located on the picturesque banks of the Sura River, in its vicinity there are many lakes, rivers, and streams. The city lies surrounded by forests and meadows.
(slide No. 17) Ved. The Yadrina coat of arms, approved in 1989, was a heraldic shield of the French form. The symbol of the coat of arms of the city of Cheboksary is depicted on a blue background, which indicates the administrative position of the city of Yadrina. Three elements of the Chuvash ornament, stylized depicting oak trees, are connected with a zigzag ribbon and signify the past, present and future of the city. The central element of the ornament on a red field indicates the date (1590) of the first chronicle mention of the city of Yadrino. The upper part of the coat of arms is separated from the base by a second zigzag ribbon, which in Chuvash ornamentation traditionally depicts a river, which is characterized by geographical location Yadrina, located on Sura.
At the base of the coat of arms is Jadrin's own emblem - a golden pyramid of cannonballs - borrowed from the old coat of arms of 1781, which indicates the historicity of the city.
The fields of the coat of arms, in accordance with the State Flag of the Chuvash Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, are colored red and light blue.
(slide No. 18) Ved. And this is what it looked like used to be a city Yadrin.
(slide number 19) Ved. Quite a lot famous people grew up on Yadrinskaya land. Born in Yadrino: Ashmarin, Nikolai Ivanovich, famous Russian orientalist-Turkologist. The creator of the 17-volume “Dictionary of the Chuvash Language”, Nikolai Dmitrievich Mordvinov. - theater and film actor.
Volkov Konstantin Vasilievich - doctor of the surgical and eye hospital. Medical activity of K.V. Volkova in the city of Yadrino began in 1911. He was invited here by the owners of the factories, the Talantsev brothers. He's the pride medical science Chuvashia. The surgeon who made Yadrin famous. The district hospital bears his name.
Literature: A.V. Izorkin "Yadrin"
“My land is renewed” M. Yukhma
“Poems for Children” by R. Sarbi
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Slide captions:
Do you know a country so ancient and forever young? Where there is a holiday - they rejoice from the heart, where there is work - give any mountain. Do you know a people who have 100 thousand words, who have 100 thousand songs and 100 thousand embroidery flowers?
Flag and coat of arms
Volga river
Look, my friend, around Cheboksary - a miracle city. He is our beloved and dear, we love him with all our hearts. Look around at the places where we live. The streets are wide and the houses are tall. Our city is so big. Come guests, we are waiting for you.
Monument of Military Glory
Mother Monument
Hero of the Civil War V.I. Chapaev.
Pilot-cosmonaut Andriyan Grigorievich Nikolaev
People's Artist of the USSR Vera Kuzmina.
ballerina Pavlova Nadezhda V.
I sing about the sun, about my native land - About the land that smells of flax, honey and smoke, About the land where you can never be alone, Where it’s good to run barefoot with friends! And suddenly you will hear my Chuvash melody, And you will weave your words into my song - Then it will fly around the whole country, Well, tomorrow I will sing for you again.
“I dreamed and dream of teaching all Chuvash to read and write. Literacy is the basis of everything. The diploma will give the Chuvashe citizen the opportunity to study the Russian language well. Literacy is a means of combating ignorance... Will knowledge of literacy prevent a peasant from cultivating the land? Vice versa. Why is it that in the fields of a Belgian, Danish or German peasant the rye yield is twice or even three times greater than ours? Because agronomic science was introduced into agriculture there... Only empty talkers, frivolous, uncultured people can object to universal literacy. ” *** “ Hurry to do good! And be kind. Kindness is a basic human quality. Kindness is humanity.” *** “Just as the Chuvash school grew out of a peasant’s smoky and dirty hut, so Chuvash pedagogy grew out of oral folk art.” *** “Do everything, take all measures to ensure that the student believes in his own strength. On the contrary, avoid everything that can undermine the student’s self-confidence.”
Children's books for children Language.
The Chuvash people deeply honor the memory of Ivan Yakovlevich Yakovlev. His name was given to the Chuvash State Pedagogical Institute. A monument to I.Ya. was erected in Cheboksary. Yakovlev, one of the avenues is named after him.
Coat of arms of the city of Yadrin
The ancient town of Yadrin
Famous people of Yadrin